FEATURES OF IMMUNO-DEPENDENT MANIFESTATIONS AT COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/1681-2727.2021.2.12159Keywords:
COVID-19, immune disorders, systemic and organ-specific manifestationsAbstract
Today, immune manifestations in patients with COVID-19 are generally accepted. There are about 3,000 cases in the literature involving more than 70 different systemic and organ-specific SARS-CoV-2-associated disorders. Although inflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2 is predominantly focused on the respiratory system, some patients may develop an abnormal inflammatory response involving extrapulmonary tissue. The symptoms associated with this over-immune response are very varied and may resemble some autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. Moreover, clinical phenotypic traits are probably due primarily to the age, sex and ethnicity of the patient. The degree of these changes is also very diverse – from benign and self-limiting to life-threatening systemic syndromes. So far, the pathogenesis of these manifestations is extremely poorly understood. However, some are known to occur within the first 2 weeks of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while others occur in the late post-infection stage or even in asymptomatic patients. Because the body of evidence consists mainly of a series of cases and uncontrolled studies, diagnostic and therapeutic decisions are often based on little experience and expert opinion. Additional research is needed to learn about the mechanisms of development of these manifestations and to apply the acquired knowledge to enable early diagnosis and optimal therapy.
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