REVIEW OF RESEARCHES WITH THE AIM TO OBTAIN NEW HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS ON THE BASIS OF SIBERIAN CRANESBILL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/2312-0967.2016.4.7129Keywords:
Siberian cranesbill, Geranium sibiricum L., botanical characterization, chemical composition, applicationAbstract
Introduction
The scientific and practical medicine along with use of advanced pharmaceuticals are increasingly drawn to the healing properties of herbs, finding unexpected and desired response in the treatment and prevention of various diseases. These plants include siberian cranesbill (Geranium sibiricum L.). This type of geranium distributed in the European part ofRussia, inUkraine, in Western and Eastern Siberia, in the Far East andCentral Asia [1]. The plant is used in folk medicine to treat inflammation of the intestines and lungs, dermatitis, cancer, for conjunctivitis, diarrhea and various bleeding [2-4]. Therefore, the purpose of the work – ordering results botanical, phytochemical and pharmacological study of siberian cranesbill for further research.
As the plant materials were used herb and rhizomes with roots of the Geranium sibiricum. For the herb there are designed numeric indicators of quality of raw materials [5].
Published data and scientific studies show that the chemical composition of the Geranium sibiricum is presented a wide range of biologically active substances mainly phenolic, qualitative and quantitative composition of which depends largely on the ecological and climatic conditions of growth and harvesting period of raw materials. Thus, in the underground part of the plant tannin content varies from 6.05 to 30.0 %, and aerial – from 1.1 to 25.3 %. Number of flavonoids in the herb this plant is 0.47-0.9 %. In the underground part of the Geranium sibiricum tannin found in an amount of 4.7%, and heraniin (0.87 %). The leaves contain tannin in quantity 20.3 %, in stems its number is much lower (3.8 %) [6, 7].
Research of quantitative content of polyphenolic compounds showed that in geranium herb on dry raw materials they contain 10.72 ± 0.23 % and 5.47 ± 0.05 %, and in the roots, respectively – 3.16 ± 0.11 and 2.42 ± 0.04 % [8]. Using HPLC are researched the content of gallic acid in the herb to hydrolysis of 0.18 %, ellagic acid – 0.35 %, quercetin – 0.0007 % and routine – 0.28 % [9].
Using spectrophotometry in the herb of plant are founded alcohol monosaccharides, water-soluble polysaccharides, pectin and hemicellulose, and and set number of them [10].
At research of herb Geranium sibiricum was harvested in different places of growth and in different phases the growing season, was established presence of 29 free amino acids, 8 of which are essential. The total free amino acid content of 7.7 mg / g [11, 12].
Using the method of steam distillation, is defined content of essential oil in the herb of geranium, which is 0.06%. By chromatography and spectrometry in the herb identified more than 60 volatile compounds, and in the roots – 42 [13].
The main active ingredients of Geranium sibiricum discovered antiviral, antihypertensive and hepatoprotective properties and they inhibit xanthine oxidase [3, 14-16]. The glycoprotein isolated from plant showed antioxidant and proliferative activity [17].
After the microbiological researches of and water-alcohol extracts of geranium herb was found moderate antimicrobial and pronounced fungistatic action of lyophilized extracts [18]. The geraniol, which in large numbers contained in the herb showed high antifungal activity against Candida albicans [19].
In experiments in vitro water extract of geranium in concentrations of 1:2000, 1:5000 has bacteriostatic effect in respect of the E. coli and dysentery bacteria [7].
Also found that an extract of Geranium sibiricum herb produces a stimulating effect on humoral immunity, and the dose of 1/10 LD50 cause moderate antihypertensive effect, accompanied by tachycardia [20].
The extract of geranium herb showed high antinociceptive activity on model "acetic snags" and low anti-inflammatory activity in models of carrageenan inflammation [21].
In other studies alcohol extract of Geranium sibiricum decreased gene expression of interleukin-1β and COX-2. In this case, it can be used as a potent anti-inflammatory agent for inflammatory allergic diseases [22].
Conclusions
Geranium sibiricum – a plant with a large area of distribution, sufficient of raw materials, rich chemical composition and a wide range of pharmacological actions. Raw materials are perspective for the treatment of cancer, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and gynecological diseases, and can be used as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory agent.
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