REPEATED CASES OF SARS-COV-2 INFECTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/1681-2727.2021.3.12495Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, re-infection, immune response, COVID-19, antibody-dependent-enhancementAbstract
The problem of re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 is discussed. It is not easy to prove the case of reinfection, because it requires not only to obtain two positive PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 in two cases, but also to prove that in both cases they are “live” and different strains of the virus.
The main reasons for the development of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection are the state of the immune system during the period of repeated contact with the pathogen, ie the presence of immunodeficiency, as well as the amount of virus that entered the human body during this period. This may be due to the extremely high viral load of the new strain, which caused a stronger reaction of the microorganism, or a more virulent strain of the virus.
Re-infected SARS-CoV-2 tends to carry the disease more severely and almost always with pneumonia.
The possibility of repeated and even repeated infection creates a situation of constant circulation of SARS-CoV-2 with a long-standing problem of elimination of this infection in general (new mutations, new vaccines, etc.).
References
Long, Q.X., Liu, B.Z., Deng, H.J., Wu, G.C., Deng, K., Chen, Y.K., ... & Huang, A.L. (2020). Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19. Nature Medicine, 26 (6), 845-848.
Ibarrondo, F.J., Fulcher, J.A., Goodman-Meza, D., Elliott, J., Hofmann, C., Hausner, M.A., ... & Yang, O.O. (2020). Rapid decay of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in persons with mild Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine, 383 (11), 1085-1087.
Chen, D., Xu, W., Lei, Z., Huang, Z., Liu, J., Gao, Z., & Peng, L. (2020). Recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in COVID-19: a case report. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 297-299.
Duggan, N.M., Ludy, S.M., Shannon, B.C., Reisner, A.T., & Wilcox, S.R. (2021). Is novel coronavirus 2019 reinfection possible? Interpreting dynamic SARS-CoV-2 test results. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 39, 256-e1.
Kim, A.Y., & Gandhi, R.T. (2020). Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2: what goes around may come back around. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Mustapha, J.O., Abdullahi, I.N., Ajagbe, O.O., Emeribe, A.U., Fasogbon, S.A., Onoja, S.O., ... & Oyewusi, S. (2021). Understanding the implications of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections on immune response milieu, laboratory tests and control measures against COVID-19. Heliyon, e05951.
Wajnberg, A., Amanat, F., Firpo, A., Altman, D.R., Bailey, M.J., Mansour, M., ... & Cordon-Cardo, C. (2020). Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months. Science, 370 (6521), 1227-1230.
Choe, P.G., Kim, K.H., Kang, C.K., Suh, H.J., Kang, E., Lee, S.Y., ... & Oh, M.D. (2021). Antibody responses 8 months after asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27 (3), 928.
Lumley, S.F., Wei, J., O’Donnell, D., Stoesser, N.E., Matthews, P.C., Howarth, A., ... & Fowler, P.W. (2021). The duration, dynamics, and determinants of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody responses in individual healthcare workers. Clinical Infectious Diseases.
Seow, J., Graham, C., Merrick, B., Acors, S., Pickering, S., Steel, K. J., ... & Doores, K. J. (2020). Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Nature Microbiology, 5 (12), 1598-1607.
He, Z., Ren, L., Yang, J., Guo, L., Feng, L., Ma, C., ... & Wang, C. (2021). Seroprevalence and humoral immune durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Wuhan, China: a longitudinal, population-level, cross-sectional study. The Lancet, 397 (10279), 1075-1084.
Zhang, X., Lu, S., Li, H., Wang, Y., Lu, Z., Liu, Z., ... & Hou, J. (2020). Viral and antibody kinetics of COVID-19 patients with different disease severities in acute and convalescent phases: a 6-month follow-up study. Virologica Sinica, 35 (6), 820-829.
Supotnitskiy, M.V. (2016). Undesirable immunology. Aktualnaya infektologiya – Actual Infectology, 2 (11), 73-97 [in Russian].
Zhang, J., Ding, N., Ren, L., Song, R., Chen, D., Zhao, X., ... & Zeng, H. (2021). COVID-19 reinfection in the presence of neutralizing antibodies. National Science Review, 8(4), nwab006.
Letizia, A.G., Ramos, I., Obla, A., Goforth, C., Weir, D.L., Ge, Y., ... & Sealfon, S.C. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 transmission among marine recruits during quarantine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383 (25), 2407-2416.
To, K.K., Hung, I.F., Ip, J.D., Chu, A.W., Chan, W.M., Tam, A.R., ... & Yuen, K.Y. (2020). COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine dated 30.05.2021 N 1056 «On approval of Amendments to the Standards of medical care «Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)».
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Interim Guidance on Ending Isolation and Precuations for Adults with COVID-19. US Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Preventio.
Tillett, R.L., Sevinsky, J.R., Hartley, P.D., Kerwin, H., Crawford, N., Gorzalski, A., ... & Pandori, M. (2021). Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21 (1), 52-58.
L’Huillier, A.G., Meyer, B., Andrey, D.O., Arm-Vernez, I., Baggio, S., Didierlaurent, A., ... & Kaiser, L. (2021). Antibody persistence in the first 6 months following SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital workers: a prospective longitudinal study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27 (5), 784-e1.
Porto, M.H., Castro, B., Diaz, Z., Pedroso, Y., Ramos, M.J., & Lecuona, M. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 infection in properly vaccinated healthcare workers. International Journal of Infectious Diseases.
Mack, C.D., Tai, C., Sikka, R., Grad, Y.H., Maragakis, L.L., Grubaugh, N.D., ... & DiFiori, J. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: A case series from a 12-month longitudinal Occupational Cohort. Clinical Infectious Diseases.
Chen, Y., Tong, X., Wang, J., Huang, W., Yin, S., Huang, R., ... & Wu, C. (2020). High SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among healthcare workers exposed to COVID-19 patients. Journal of Infection, 81 (3), 420-426.
Rudberg, A.S., Havervall, S., Månberg, A., Falk, A.J., Aguilera, K., Ng, H., ... & Thålin, C. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 exposure, symptoms and seroprevalence in healthcare workers in Sweden. Nature Communications, 11 (1), 1-8.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Infectious Diseases
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Journal Infectious Disease (Infektsiini Khvoroby) allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without registration
Users can use, reuse and build upon the material published in the journal but only for non-commercial purposes
This journal is available through Creative Commons (CC) License BY-NC "Attribution-NonCommercial" 4.0
