OPTIMIZATION OF ANTI-EPIDEMIC RESPONSE IN THE DYNAMICS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/1681-2727.2020.2.11281Keywords:
pandemic, SARS-Cov-2, COVID-19, epidemiologyAbstract
The new coronavirus SARS-Cov-2, which was discovered in Wuhan in December 2019, caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Anti-epidemic protection in different affected countries differs in the scope of regime-restrictive measures and response regulations. The most effective was a set of quarantine measures in combination with early detection of epidemic outbreaks and their blocking.
The massive impact of the population in most countries of the world has led to the inefficiency of all three major medical units of the biological threats response system: clinical, epidemiological and laboratory – which are crucial in eliminating of pandemic. The lack of specific means of treatment and prevention requires constant monitoring of the epidemic situation and timely correction of measures to curb the negative trends in the epidemic situation. Medical facilities are at high risk of infecting both medical staff and all those seeking medical care, which requires the total introduction of specific infection control measures for COVID-19 at all levels of medical care, including the evacuation and sorting of patients. The rapid progression of the COVID-19 epidemic process on the planet at the background of data on low reproductive numbers indicates a lack of knowledge about the main manifestations and patterns of the epidemic process of this extremely dangerous infectious disease. It may be the main reason for ineffective countermeasures.
The evolution of SARS-Cov-2 with the formation of three subtypes and five genotypes of the pathogen, especially the emergence of a variant of the D614G virus with increased contagiousness and virulence, requires effective virological monitoring to create of valid diagnostic test systems and assess the prospects for specific active immunoprevention against COVID-19.
Lack of data on the infectious dose of SARS-Cov-2, taking into account the mechanisms of transmission of the pathogen, the presence of a high proportion of asymptomatic forms of the disease, limited data on “super source of infection” of the pathogen, large losses among medical personnel, differences in response systems to biological hazards and other circumstances complicate the possibility of an effective anti-epidemic response to COVID-19. Lack of control over compliance with the recommended number of countermeasures intensifies the development of the epidemic process during the introduction of adaptive quarantine.
References
World Health Organization. (2020). Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). who.int/news-room/detail. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov).
Wang, C., Horby, P., Hayden, F., Gao, G. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Epidemic update and risk assessment of 2019 novel coronavirus 2020. chinacdc.cn/yyrdgz. Retrieved from: http://www.chinacdc.cn/yyrdgz/202001/P020200128523354919292.
National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Daily Briefing. Retrieved from: http://en.nhc.gov.cn/DailyBriefing.html.
World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report–47. who.int/docs. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200307-sitrep-47-covid-19.
Zhang, J., Litvinova, M., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Deng, X., Chen, X. … Yu, P. (2020). Evolving epidemiology and transmission dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 outside Hubei province, China: a descriptive andmodelling study. The Lancet, 20, 793-802.
Holshue, M., DeBolt, C., Lindquist, S. (2020). First Case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382 (10), 929-936.
Wang, J., Chun, Y., Brook, R. (2020). Response to COVID-19 in Taiwan: Big data analytics, new technology, and proactive testing. American Medical Association, 323 (14), 1341-1342.
Nishiuraa, H., Lintona, N., & Akhmetzhanova, A. (2020). Serial interval of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infections. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 284-286.
The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. (2020). The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) China, 2020. China CDC Weekly, 2, 145-151.
Kucharski, A.J., Russell, T.W., Diamond, C., Liu, Y., Edmunds, J., & Funk, S. (2020). Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modeling study. Lancet Infect. Dis. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30144-4.
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Epidemic update and risk assessment of 2019 novel coronavirus 2020. Retrieved from: http://www.chinacdc.cn/yyrdgz/202001/P020200128523354919292.
National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. (2020). Inclusion of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) into statutory infectious disease management. Retrieved from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/jkj/s7916/202001/44a3b8245e8049d2837a4f27529cd386.shtml.
Che, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y. … Zhang, X. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, (395), 507-513.
Ge, H., Wang, X., Yuan, X., Xiao, G., Wang, C., Deng, T., Yuan, Q., Xiao, X. (2020). The epidemiology and clinical nformation about COVID-19. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 14, 1–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03874-z.
Yong, S., Anderson, D.E., Wei, W.E. (2020). Connecting clusters of COVID-19: an epidemiological and serological investigation. Lancet Infect. Dis., 20, 809-815. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30273-5.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020). Infection Control Guidance for Health care Professionals about Coronavirus (COVID-19). cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/infection-control.html.
World Health Organization. (2020). Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) for COVID-19. Virus. Retrieved from: https://openwho.org/courses/COVID-19-IPC-EN.
World Health Organization. (2020). Infection prevention and control guidance (COVID-19). Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/technical-guidance/infection-prevention-control.
BS EN 149: 2001 + A1: 2009 Respiratory protection. Filtration of half masks for protection against particles. Requirements, testing, labeling.
EN 14683: 2014 Medical face masks – Requirements and test methods. standards.iteh.ai/catalog. Retrieved from: https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/4bdef56d-7660-4a66-ba96-8e287fbc7d8c/en-14683-2019ac-2019.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2014). Technical Document. Safe use of personal protective equipment in the treatment of infectious diseases of high consequence. A tutorial for trainers in health care settings. Version 2(2). ecdc.europa.eu Retrieved from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/safe-use-personal-protective-equipment-treatment-infectious-diseases-high.
Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. J. Hosp. Infect. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022.
Lizhou, Z., Cody, B.J., Huihui, M., Amrita, O., Rangarajan, E., Izard, T., Farzan, M., Choe, H. (2020). The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity. biorxiv.org/content. Retrieved from: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148726v1.
Jie, C., Fang, L., Zheng-Li, S. (2019). Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Microbiology, 17, 181-192.
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H. … Zhu, N. (2020). Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
Liu, Y. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27 (2). DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taaa021.
Boldog, P., Tekeli, T., Boldog, P., Vizi, Z., Dénes, A., Bartha, F.A. and Rös, G. (2020). Risk assessment of novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreaks outside China. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9 (2), 571. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020571.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Journal Infectious Disease (Infektsiini Khvoroby) allows the author(s) to hold the copyright without registration
Users can use, reuse and build upon the material published in the journal but only for non-commercial purposes
This journal is available through Creative Commons (CC) License BY-NC "Attribution-NonCommercial" 4.0
