Hemostasis disturbances in patients with acute pancreatitis and the ways of its correction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/mcch.2410-681X.2015.v17.i2.4880Abstract
The literature review imposed the experimental and clinical data on the changes in the hemostatic system
at acute pancreatitis. The reasons of hemostatic disorders and possible ways of its correction were identified.
Disturbance in the coagulation is a feature at acute pancreatitis and is associated with disease severity. The
results of experimental studies in animals and clinical studies suggest that modulation of hemostasis can provide a
therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease. Inhibition of the coagulation cascade can prevent intravascular
coagulation and inflammation in the pancreas and distant organs, thereby preventing systemic complications in
patients with acute pancreatitis.
References
Джарар Р. М. Коррекция системы гемостаза
в лечении ранней стадии острого панкреатита /
Р. М. Джарар, Е. А. Корымасов, Ю. В. Горбунов // Но-
вости хирургии. – 2011. – 19, № 2. – С. 43–49.
Значимость тромбоцитарных нарушений в про-
гнозе исхода острого панкреатита / Б. Б. Бромберг,
Н. А. Майстренко, Ю. Н. Шанин [и др.] // Регионарное
кровообращение и микроциркуляция. – 2013. – 12,
№ 3. – С. 4–10.
Нарушения в системе гемостаза у больных
острым панкреатитом и ее коррекция / С. В. Авакимян,
Г. К. Карипиди, В. А. Авакимян [и др.] // Кубанский науч.
мед. вестн. – 2013. – № 7. – С. 38–40.
Abdalla S. E. Coagulation profile (PT, APTT,
fibrinogen level and platelets count) in Sudanese patients
with acute pancreatitis / S. E. Abdalla, H. T. Adam,
E. A. Abdelgadir // Merit. Res. J. Microbiol. Biol. Sci. –
– 2. – P. 1–4.
Activated protein C, an anticoagulant polypeptide,
ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis via regulation of
mitogen-activated protein kinases / P. Chen, Y. Zhang,
M. Qiao, Y. J. Yuan // Gastroenterol. – 2007. – 42. –
P. 887–896.
Activated protein C improves the severity of
severe acute pancreatitis via up-regulating the expressions
of endothelial cell protein C receptor and
thrombomodulin // C. Ping, Z. Yongping, Q. Minmin
[et al.] // Dig. Dis. Sci. – 2010. – 55. – P. 1599–1609.
Activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
(TAFIa) is associated with inflammatory markers in
inflammatory bowel diseases: TAFIa level in patients
with IBD / D. Owczarek, A. Undas, J. H. Foley [et al.] //
J. Crohns Colitis. – 2011. – 6. – P. 13–20.
Acute pancreatitis: bench to the bedside /
S. J. Pandol, A. K. Saluja, C. W. Imrie, P. A. Banks //
Gastroenterology. – 2007. – 132. – P. 1127–1151.
Adams R. L. Review article: Coagulation cascade
and therapeutics update: relevance to nephrology. Part 1:
Overview of coagulation, thrombophilias and history of
anticoagulants / R. L. Adams, R. J. Bird // Nephrology
(Carlton). – 2009. – 14. – P. 462–470.
A double-blind, randomized, controlled study to
explore the efficacy of rFVIIa on intraoperative blood loss
and mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis /
J. Lu, L. M. Liao, Y. X. Geng [et al.] // Thromb. Res. –
– 133. – P. 574–578.
Alterations of platelet function and coagulation
parameters during acute pancreatitis / E. Akbal,
S. Demirci, E. Koçak [et al.] // Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. –
– 24. – P. 243–246.
Alterations of platelet function, number and indexes
during acute pancreatitis / K. Mimidis, V. Papadopoulos,
J. Kotsianidis [et al.] // Pancreatology. – 2004. – 4. –
P. 22–27.
Antithrombin III in critically ill patients: systematic
review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis /
A. Afshari, J. Wetterslev, J. Brok, A. Moller // BMJ. –
– 335. – P. 1248–1251.
Antithrombin III prevents cerulein-induced
acute
pancreatitis in rats / S. Hagiwara, H. Iwasaka, C. Shingu
[et al.] // Pancreas. – 2009. – 38. – P. 746–751.
APCAP-activated protein C in acute pancreatitis:
a double-blind randomized human pilot trial / V. Pettilä,
L. Kyhälä, M. L. Kylänpää [et al.] // Crit. Care. – 2010. –
– P. 139.
Applicability of disseminated intravascular
coagulation parameters in the assessment of the severity
of acute pancreatitis / K. Maeda, M. Hirota, A. Ichihara
[et al.] // Pancreas. – 2006. – 32. – P. 87–92.
Babu B. I. Functional protein C levels during the
early phase of clinical acute pancreatitis / B. I. Babu,
A. K. Siriwardena // Pancreas. – 2010. – 39. – P. 1077–
Bajzar L. The profibrinolytic effect of activated
protein C in clots formed from plasma is TAFI-dependent /
L. Bajzar, M. E. Nesheim, P. B. Tracy // Blood. – 1996. –
– P. 2093–2100.
Bhatia M. Acute pancreatitis as a model of
SIRS / M. Bhatia // Front. Biosci. – 2009. – 14. –
P. 2042–2050.
Bhatia M. Treatment with antileukinate, a CXCR2
chemokine receptor antagonist, protects mice against
acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury / M. Bhatia,
A. Hegde // Regul. Pept. – 2007. – 138. – P. 40–48.
Bockman D. E. Ultrastructure of human acute
pancreatitis / D. E. Bockman, M. Büchler, H. G. Beger //
Int. J. Pancreatol. – 1986. – 1. – P. 141–153.
Bouma B. N. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis
inhibitor (TAFI, plasma procarboxypeptidase B, procarboxypeptidase
R, procarboxypeptidase U) / B. N. Bouma,
J. C. Meijers // J. Thromb. Haemost. – 2003. – 1. –
P. 1566–1574.
Butenas S. Active tissue factor in blood? /
S. Butenas, K. G. Mann // Nat. Med. – 2004. – 10. –
P. 1155–1156.
Coagulative disorders in human acute pancreatitis:
role for the D-dimer / T. Salomone, P. Tosi,
G. Palareti [et al.] // Pancreas. – 2003. – 26. – P. 111–
Conversion of antithrombin from an inhibitor
of thrombin to a substrate with reduced heparin affinity
and enhanced conformational stability by binding of a
tetradecapeptide corresponding to the P1 to P14 region
of the putative reactive bond loop of the inhibitor / I. Bjork,
K. Ylinenjarvi, S. T. Olson, P. E. Bock // J. Biol. Chem. –
– 267. – P. 1976–1982.
Critical role of CXC chemokines in endotoxemic
liver injury in mice / X. Li, D. Klintman, Q. Liu [et al.] // J.
Leukoc. Biol. – 2004. – 75. – P. 443–452.
Dabrowski A. The effect of platelet activating
factor antagonist (BN 52021) on acute experimental
pancreatitis with reference to multiorgan oxidative stress /
A. Dabrowski, A. Gabryelewicz, L. Chyczewski // Int. J.
Pancreatol. – 1995. – 17. – P. 173–180.
D-dimer as a marker of severity in patients with
severe acute pancreatitis / L. Ke, H. B. Ni, Z. H. Tong
[et al.] // J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci. – 2012. – 19. –
P. 259–265.
D-dimer in acute pancreatitis: a new approach
for an early assessment of organ failure / D. Radenkovic,
D. Bajec, N. Ivancevic [et al.] // Pancreas. – 2009. – 38. –
P. 655–660.
Decreased inflammation and improved survival
with recombinant human activated protein C treatment
in experimental acute pancreatitis / G. Alsfasser,
A. L. Warshaw, S. Thayer [et al.] // Arch. Surg. – 2006. –
– P. 670–676.
Del Giudice L. A. The role of tissue factor and
tissue factor pathway inhibitor in health and disease
states / L. A. Del Giudice, G. A. White // J. Vet. Emerg.
Crit. Care. – 2009. – 19. – P. 23–29.
de Stoppelaar S. F. The role of platelets in sepsis /
S. F. de Stoppelaar, C. van’t Veer, T. van der Poll //
Thromb. Haemost. – 2014. – 112. – P. 666–677.
Disorders of hemostasis during the surgical
management of severe necrotizing pancreatitis /
D. Radenkovic, D. Bajec, A. Karamarkovic [et al.] //
Pancreas. – 2004. – 29. – P. 152–156.
Dual mechanism of integrin αIIbβ3 closure in
procoagulant platelets / N. J. Mattheij, K. Gilio, R. van
Kruchten [et al.] // J. Biol. Chem. – 2013. – 288. –
P. 13325–13336.
Efficacy and safety of recombinant human
activated protein C for severe sepsis / G. R. Bernard,
J. L. Vincent, P. F. Laterre [et al.] // N. Engl. J. Med. –
– 344. – P. 699–709.
Elevation of plasma tissue factor levels in patients
with severe acute pancreatitis / H. Sawa, T. Ueda,
Y. Takeyama [et al.] // J. Gastroenterol. – 2006. – 41. –
P. 575–581.
Ellery P. E. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: then
and now / P. E. Ellery, M. J. Adams // Semin. Thromb.
Hemost. – 2014. – 40. – P. 881–886.
Endotoxin and thrombin elevate rodent endothelial
cell protein C receptor mRNA levels and increase receptor
shedding in vivo / J. M. Gu, Y. Katsuura, G. L. Ferrell
[et al.] // Blood. – 2000. – 95. – P. 1687–1693.
Esmon C. T. Coagulation inhibitors and inflammation
/ C. T. Esmon // Biochem. Soc. Trans. – 2005. – 33
(Pt 2). – P. 401–405.
Esmon C. T. The endothelial cell protein C
receptor / C. T. Esmon // Thromb. Haemost. – 2000. –
– P. 639–643.
Esmon C. T. The impact of the inflammatory
response on coagulation / C. T. Esmon // Thromb. Res. –
– 114. – P. 321–327.
Esmon C. T. The interactions between inflammation
and coagulation / C. T. Esmon // Br. J. Haematol. –
– 131. – P. 417–430.
Esmon C. T. The protein C pathway / C. T. Esmon
// Crit. Care Med. – 2000. – 28. – P. 44–48.
Evaluation of recombinant platelet-activating
factor acetylhydrolase for reducing the incidence and
severity of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis / S. Sherman,
W. M. Alazmi, G. A. Lehman [et al.] // Gastrointest. Endosc.
– 2009. – 69, 3 Pt 1. – P. 462–472.
Extended evaluation of recombinant human
activated protein C United States Trial (ENHANCE US):
a single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of drotrecogin
alfa (activated) in severe sepsis / G. R. Bernard,
B. D. Margolis, H. M.Shanies [et al.] // Chest. – 2004. –
– P. 2206–2216.
General mechanisms of coagulation and
targets of anticoagulants (Section I). Position Paper of
the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis –
Task Force
on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease / R. De Caterina,
S. Husted, L. Wallentin [et al.] // Thromb. Haemost. –
– 109. – P. 569–579.
Granger J. Acute pancreatitis: models, markers,
and mediators / J. Granger, D. Remick // Shock. – 2005. –
, Suppl. 1. – P. 45–51.
Griffin J. H. Protein C anticoagulant and
cytoprotective pathways / J. H. Griffin, B. V. Zlokovic,
L. O. Mosnier // Int. J. Hematol. – 2012. – 95. – P. 333–
Hooper K. An updated view of hemostasis:
mechanisms of hemostatic dysfunction associated with
sepsis / K. Hooper, S. Bateman // J. Vet Emerg. Crit.
Care. – 2005. – 15. – P. 83–91.
Ikezoe T. Thrombomodulin/activated protein C
system in septic disseminated intravascular coagulation /
T. Ikezoe // J. Intensive Care. – 2015. – 3. – 8 p.
Importance of platelet aggregation in patients with
end-stage renal disease / Z. Martinović, N. Basić-Jukić,
D. B. Pavlović, P. Kes // Acta Clin. Croat. – 2013. – 52. –
P. 472–477.
Infection and inflammation and the coagulation
system / M. Levi, T. T. Keller, E. van Gorp [et al.] //
Cardiovasc. Res. – 2003. – 60. – P. 26–39.
Jurk K. Analysis of platelet function and dysfunction
/ K. Jurk // Hamostaseologie. – 2015. – 35. –
P. 60–72.
Kubier A. Endogenous anticoagulants / A. Kubier,
M. O’Brien // Top. Companion Anim. Med. – 2012. – 27. –
P. 81–87.
Leung L. L. Regulation of tissue inflammation
by thrombin-activatable carboxypeptidase B (or TAFI) /
L. L. Leung, T. Nishimura, T. Myles // Adv. Exp. Med.
Biol. – 2008. – 632. – P. 61–69.
Levi M. Coagulation in patients with severe
sepsis / M. Levi, Tv. Poll // Semin. Thromb. Hemost. –
– 41. – P. 9–15.
Levi M. Disseminated intravascular coagulation /
M. Levi, H. ten Cate // N. Engl. J. Med. – 1999. – 341. –
P. 586–592.
Lisman T. Activation and regulation of hemostasis
in acute liver failure and acute pancreatitis / T. Lisman,
R. J. Porte // Semin. Thromb. Hemost. – 2010. – 36. –
P. 437–443.
Lwaleed B. A. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor:
structure, biology and involvement in disease /
B. A. Lwaleed, P. S. Bass // J. Pathol. – 2006. – 208. –
P. 327–339.
Madsen J. J. Tissue factor activates allosteric
networks in factor VIIa through structural and dynamic
changes / J. J. Madsen, E. Persson, O. H .Olsen // J.
Thromb. Haemost. – 2015. – 13. – P. 262–267.
Makhija R. Cytokine storm in acute pancreatitis /
R. Makhija, A. N. Kingsnorth // J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat.
Surg. – 2002. – 9. – P. 401–410.
Mean platelet volume as an indicator of disease
severity in patients with acute pancreatitis / Y. Beyazit,
A. Sayilir, S. Torun [et al.] // Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol.
– 2012. – 36. – P. 162–168.
Mechanism of tissue factor production by
monocytes stimulated with neutrophil elastase /
J. Kawata, M. Aoki, Y. Ishimaru [et al.] // Blood Cells Mol.
Dis. – 2015. – 54. – P. 206–209.
Milestones and perspectives in coagulation
and hemostasis / G. Lippi, E. J. Favaloro, M. Franchini,
G. C. Guidi // Semin. Thromb. Hemost. – 2009. – 35. –
P. 9–22.
Miranda C. J. Recombinant human activated
protein C as a disease modifier in severe acute
pancreatitis: systematic review of current evidence /
C. J. Miranda, B. I. Babu, A. K. Siriwardena // Pancreatology.
– 2012. – 12. – P. 119–123.
Mohan Rao L. V. Endothelial cell protein C
receptor: a multiliganded and multifunctional receptor /
L. V. Mohan Rao, C. T. Esmon, U. R. Pendurthi // Blood. –
– 124. – P. 1553–1562.
Mondino A. uPA and uPAR in fibrinolysis,
immunity and pathology / A. Mondino, F. Blasi // Trends
Immunol. – 2004. – 25. – P. 450–455.
Monocytes regulate systemic coagulation and
inflammation in abdominal sepsis / Y. Wang, O. Ö. Braun,
S. Zhang [et al.] // Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. –
– 308. – P. 540–547.
Monroe D. M. Transmission of a procoagulant
signal from tissue factor-bearing cell to platelets /
D. M. Monroe, M. Hoffman, H. R. Roberts // Blood Coagul.
Fibrinolysis. – 1996. – 7. – P. 459–464.
Nesheim M. Thrombin and fibrinolysis / M. Nesheim
// Chest. – 2003. – 124, Suppl. 3. – P. 33–39.
Of von Willebrand factor and platelets /
M. Bryckaert, J. P. Rosa, C. V. Denis, P. J. Lenting // Cell.
Mol. Life Sci. – 2015. – 72. – P. 307–326.
Persistent multiple organ microcirculatory
disorders in severe acute pancreatitis: experimental
findings and clinical implications / T. Foitzik, G. Eibl,
B. Hotz [et al.] // Dig. Dis. Sci. – 2002. – 47. – P. 130–138.
Plasma thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
as an indicator of inflammation and disease severity
in acute pancreatitis / A. Sayilir, Y. Beyazita, Y. Yesil
[et al.] // Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. – 2012. –
– P. 498–504.
Plasma thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
(TAFI) antigen levels in diabetic foot ulcers / M. Erdogan,
S. Solmaz, A. Canataroglu [et al.] // Endocrine. – 2010. –
– P. 449–454.
Plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels
in patients with acute pancreatitis / T. Yasuda, T. Ueda,
K. Кamei [et al.] // J. Gastroenterol. – 2009. – 44. –
P. 1071–1079.
Platelet activating factor antagonism reduces
the systemic inflammatory response in a murine model
of acute pancreatitis / J. S. Lane, K. E. Todd, B. Gloor
[et al.] // J. Surg. Res. – 2001. – 99. – P. 365–370.
Platelet activation by human pancreatic fluid /
R. A. Prinz, J. Fareed, A. Rock [et al.] // J. Surg. Res. –
– 37. – P. 314–319.
Platelet activation in acute pancreatitis / J. Osada,
U. Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska, A. Dabrowski,
M. I. Dabrowska // Pancreas. – 2012. – 8. – P. 1319–1324.
Prognostic significance of D-dimer, natural
anticoagulants and routine coagulation parameters in
acute pancreatitis / S. S. Badhal, S. Sharma, A. Saraya,
A. K. Mukhopadhyay // Trop. Gastroenterol. – 2012. –
– P. 193–199.
Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and PAR4
differentially regulate factor V expression from human
platelets / M. Duvernay, S. Young, D. Gailani [et al.] //
Mol. Pharmacol. – 2013. – 83. – P. 781–792.
Protective effect of antithrombin III in acute
experimental
pancreatitis in rats / W. K. Bleeker, J. Agterberg,
G. Rigter [et al.] // Dig. Dis. Sci. – 1992. – 37. –
P. 280–285.
Protein C activation during the initial phase
of experimental acute pancreatitis in the rabbit /
L. H. Ottesen, E. M. Bladbjerg, M. Osman [et al.] // Dig.
Surg. – 1999. – 16. – P. 486–495.
Protein C and acute inflammation: a clinical and
biological perspective / S. C. Christiaans, B. M. Wagener,
C. T. Esmon, J. F. Pittet // Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol.
Physiol. – 2013. – 305. – P. 455–466.
Protein S and factor V in regulation of coagulation
on platelet microparticles by activated protein C /
S. Somajo, R. L. Koshiar, E. Norström, B. Dahlbäck //
Thromb. Res. – 2014. – 134. – P. 144–152.
Ramnath R. D. Substance P treatment stimulates
chemokine synthesis in pancreatic acinar cells via the
activation of NF-kappaB / R. D. Ramnath, M. Bhatia //
Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. – 2006. –
– P. 1113–1119.
Recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor
reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary vascular
injury by inhibiting leukocyte activation / P. Enkhbaatar,
K. Okajima, K. Murakami [et al.] // Am. J. Respir. Crit.
Care Med. – 2000. – 162. – P. 1752–1759.
Role of endogenous platelet-activating factor in
caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats: protective
effects of a PAF-antagonist / K. Fujimura, Y. Kubota,
M. Ogura [et al.] // J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. – 1992. –
– P. 199–202.
Role of platelet-activating factor in hemodynamic
derangements in an acute rodent pancreatic model /
G. Ais, A. Lopez-Farre, D. Gomez-Garre [et al.] // Gastroenterology.
– 1992. – 102. – P. 181–187.
Role of platelets in experimental acute pancreatitis
/ A. Abdulla, D. Awla, H. Hartman [et al.] // Br. J. Surg. –
– 98. – P. 93–103.
Roll, adhere, spread and contract: Structural
mechanics of platelet function / S. Sorrentino, J. D. Studt,
O. Medalia, K. Tanuj Sapra // Eur. J. Cell Biol. – 2015. –
– P. 129–138.
Schuliga M. The inflammatory actions of coagulant
and fibrinolytic proteases in disease / M. Schuliga //
Mediators Inflamm. – 2015. – 2015, ID 437695. – 9 p.
Sun J. Blockade of neurokinin-1 receptor
attenuates
CC and CXC chemokine production in
experimental acute pancreatitis and associated lung
injury / J. Sun, M. Bhatia // Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest.
Liver Physiol. – 2007. – 292. – P. 143–153.
TAFI and PAI-1 levels in human sepsis /
S. Zeerleder, V. Schroeder, C. E. Hack [et al.] // Thromb.
Res. – 2006. – 118. – P. 205–212.
The effect of activated protein C on experimental
acute necrotizing pancreatitis / L. Yamanel, M. R. Mas,
B. Comert [et al.] // Crit. Care. – 2005. – 9. – P. 184–190.
The in vitro effect of fibrinogen, factor XIII
and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor on clot
formation and susceptibility to tissue plasminogen
activator-induced fibrinolysis in hemodilution model /
B. Shenkman, T. Livnat, A. Lubetsky [et al.] // Blood
Coagul. Fibrinolysis. – 2012. – 23. – P. 370–378.
The linker connecting the two kringles plays a
key role in prothrombin activation / N. Pozzi, Z. Chen,
L. A. Pelc [et al.] // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. – 2014. –
– P. 7630–7635.
Therapy for acute pancreatitis with plateletactivating
factor receptor antagonists / C. Chen, S. H. Xia,
H. Chen, X. H. Li // World J. Gastroenterol. – 2008. –
– P. 4735–4738.
The role of platelets in leukocyte recruitment
in chronic contact hypersensitivity induced by repeated
elicitation / R. Tamagawa-Mineoka, N. Katoh, E. Ueda
[et al.] // Am. J. Pathol. – 2007. – 170. – P. 2019–2029.
Thrombin generation in vitro and in vivo, and
disturbed tissue factor regulation in patients with acute
pancreatitis / O. K. Lindström, E. M. Tukiainen, M. L. Kylänpää
[et al.] // Pancreatology. – 2011. – 11. – P. 557–
Thrombin-induced interleukin 1beta synthesis
in platelet suspensions: impact of contaminating leukocytes
/ D. Pillitteri, S. Bassus, K. Boller [et al.] // Platelets. –
– 18. – P. 119–127.
Tissue factor in predicted severe acute pancreatitis
/ E. Andersson, J. Axelsson, G. Eckerwall [et al.] //
World J. Gastroenterol. – 2010. – 16. – P. 6128–6134.
Treatment with anti-factor VIIa in acute pancreatitis
in rats: blocking both coagulation and inflammation? /
E. Andersson, J. Axelsson, L. C. Pedersen [et al.] //
Scand. J. Gastroenterol. – 2007. – 42. – P. 765–770.
Upregulated but insufficient generation of
activated protein C is associated with development
of multiorgan failure in severe acute pancreatitis /
O. Lindstrom, L. Kylanpaa, P. Mentula [et al.] // Crit.
Care. – 2006. – 10. – P. 16.
Use of activated protein C has no avail in the
early phase of acute pancreatitis / S. Akay, O. Ozutemiz,
C. Yenisey [et al.] // HPB. – 2008. – 10. – P. 459–463.
Utility of clot formation and lysis assay to monitor
global coagulation state of patients with severe acute
pancreatitis / R. Zhu, S. Wei, C. Wu [et al.] // Dig. Dis.
Sci. – 2012. – 57. – P. 1399–1403.
Vadivel K. Structural biology of factor VIIa/tissue
factor initiated coagulation / K. Vadivel, S. P. Bajaj // Front.
Biosci. (Landmark Ed). – 2012. – 17. – P. 2476–2494.
Vascular endothelial injury and apoptosis in rats
with severe acute pancreatitis / N. Ge, Q. Xia, Z. Yang
[et al.] // Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. – 2015. – ID 235017. –
p.
Webster N. R. Inflammation and the coagulation
system / N. R. Webster // Br. J. Anesth. – 2002. – 89. –
P. 216–220.
Wright K. M. Regulation of monocyte chemokine
and MMP-9 secretion by proinflammatory cytokines in
tuberculous osteomyelitis / K. M. Wright, J. S. Friedland //
J. Leukoc. Biol. – 2004. – 75. – P. 1086–1092.
Yan S. L. Platelet activation and plateletleukocyte
aggregation elicited in experimental colitis
are mediated by interleukin-6 / S. L. Yan, J. Russell,
D. N. Granger // Inflamm. Bowel Dis. – 2014. – 20. –
P. 353–362.
