THE ROLE OF SARS-CОV-2 IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/1811-2471.2024.v.i4.15019Keywords:
sensorineural hearing loss, COVID, coronavirusAbstract
SUMMARY. The SARS-CoV-2 virus causes the development of not only respiratory and heart failure. This multi-organ infection is accompanied by symptoms of damage to the sensory systems, including the auditory system.
The aim – to study frequency, the main pathogenesis mechanisms and prognosis of coronavirus-induced sensorineural hearing loss.
Material and Methods. The study has analyzed mostly English language scientific publications with mostly high citation index. An information search was carried out on the MEDLINE/PubMed and Index Medicus platforms for the last ten years.
Results. It has been established that hair cells in the inner ear contain angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 receptors on their membranes to which the S-protein trimmer of the SARS CoV-2 virus can attach. With the participation of two more cellular proteases, direct viral damage and development of viral-induced cochlear sensorineural hearing loss in COVID is initiated. Viral neuroinvasion of the auditory analyzer neurons probably occurs via axonal retrograde transport along the fibers of the olfactory and vagus nerves, lymphogenous or hematogenous. Secondly, a cascade of indirect damaging factors (synthesis of cytokines, autoimmune reaction, temporary or permanent ischemia, blood clotting disorder and others) aggravates pathological changes in virtually all cells of the auditory pathway. The role of post-vaccination complications also cannot be ruled out.
Conclusions. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2-induced audiological changes requires further research to better understand the causes for patients and clinicians, мechanisms and methods for diagnosing persistent and transient hearing loss during and after COVID for effective disease prevention and treatment of each individual patient.
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