BODY MASS INDEX AS A KEY FACTOR OF LIFE EXPECTANCY AND METHODS OF ITS CORRECTION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/1811-2471.2023.v.i3.14070Keywords:
obesity, life expectancy, body mass index, comorbidityAbstract
SUMMARY. The aim – to monitor the dynamics of changes in views on obesity, to analyze the global experience in the search for effective treatment for this disease of the last decade.
Material and Methods. The systematic analysis was provided by using search engines of scientific information, in particular PubMed, Medscape, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, UpToDate. The method of information search and analytical-comparative method are applied.
Results. Obesity is associated with numerous complications: metabolic, mechanical, mental. It has been proven that life expectancy decreases with an increase in BMI.
BMI is the most useful indicator of overweight and obesity because it is the same for both sexes and for all age groups of adults.
Losing weight by 5–10 % of the initial amount reduces the incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular mortality, leads to improvement of blood lipid profile, normalization of blood pressure, reducing the severity of obstructive sleep apnea and improving health-related quality of life.
Obesity has a huge impact on life expectancy. It is estimated that almost 80 % of people who had a normal BMI at the age of 35 will live to be 70 years old; however, with a BMI of 30–35 kg/m2, this share decreases to about 70 %; with a BMI of 35–40 kg/m2 up to approximately 62 %; with a BMI of 40–50 kg/m2 only a half of assessed people live to 70 years old.
Weight decrease by 5–10 % is the cause of a significant clinical effect in the following pathological conditions: osteoarthritis, urinary incontinence, gastroesophageal reflux disease, polycystic ovary syndrome.
Conclusions. Obesity, as defined by the Association of Obesity Medicine, is indeed a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial, neurobehavioral disease in which increased body fat contributes to adipose tissue dysfunction and abnormal physical strength of adipose mass, leading to adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and psychosocial consequences for the body. Even a slight decrease in body weight reliably improves the patient’s general condition, positively affects the course of concomitant diseases, improves laboratory parameters and extends the patient’s life expectancy. It has been proven that only a combined individual approach to the patient with the latter’s active involvement in the treatment gives a positive and, what is the most important, long-lasting effect.
References
Stengel, A., Goebel-Stengel, M., Teuffel, P., Hofmann, T., Buße, P., Kobelt, P., ... & Klapp, B.F. (2014). Obese patients have higher circulating protein levels of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Peptides, 61, 75-82.
Sell, H., Blüher, M., Klöting, N., Schlich, R., Willems, M., Ruppe, F., ... & Eckel, J. (2013). Adipose dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and obesity: correlation with insulin resistance and depot-specific release from adipose tissue in vivo and in vitro. Diabetes care, 36(12), 4083-4090.
Lee, S.A., Kim, Y.R., Yang, E.J., Kwon, E.J., Kim, S.H., Kang, S.H., ... & Lee, D.H. (2013). CD26/DPP4 levels in peripheral blood and T cells in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(6), 2553-2561.
Mulvihill, E.E., Varin, E.M., Gladanac, B., Campbell, J.E., Ussher, J.R., Baggio, L.L., ... & Drucker, D.J. (2017). Cellular sites and mechanisms linking reduction of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity to control of incretin hormone action and glucose homeostasis. Cell metabolism, 25(1), 152-165.
Mortier, A., Gouwy, M., Van Damme, J., Proost, P., & Struyf, S. (2016). CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV – chemokine interactions: double-edged regulation of inflammation and tumor biology. Journal of Leucocyte Biology, 99(6), 955-969.
Allison, S.E., Von Wahlde, L., Shockley, T., & Gabbard, G.O. (2006). The development of the self in the era of the internet and role-playing fantasy games. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(3), 381-385.
American Diabetes Association: Clinical practice recommendations (2023). Diabetes Care, 25, 33-50.
Knowler, W.C. (2002). Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group: Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with life-style intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med., 346, 393-403.
Dixon, J.B. (2016). Assessment of obesity and its associated comorbidities. Obesity reviews., 7, 2, 2.
Flegal, K.M., Carroll, M.D., Ogden, C.L., & Johnson, C.L. (2002). Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. Jama, 288(14), 1723-1727.
Williams, G., & Frühbeck, G. (2009). Obesity: science to practice. (No Title).
Griffiths, M.D. (2008). Videogame addiction: Further thoughts and observations. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 6, 182-185.
Benjamin, E.J., Blaha, M.J., Chiuve, S.E., Cushman, M., Das, S.R., Deo, R., ... & Muntner, P. (2017). Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 135(10), e146-e603.
James, P.T., Rigby, N., Leach, R., & International Obesity Task Force (2004). The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 11(1), 3-8.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. (2022). Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England journal of medicine, 346(6), 393-403.
Lee, I.M., Blair, S.N., Allison, D.B., Folsom, A.R., Harris, T.B., Manson, J.E., & Wing, R.R. (2001). Epidemiologic data on the relationships of caloric intake, energy balance, and weight gain over the life span with longevity and morbidity. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(1), 7-19.
Moodie, R., Swinburn, B., Richardson, J., & Somaini, B. (2006). Childhood obesity – a sign of commercial success, but a market failure. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 1(3), 133-138.
Billington, C.J., Epstein, L.H., Goodwin, N.J., Hill, J.O., Pi-Sunyer, F.X., Rolls, B.J., ... & Harrison, B. (2000). Overweight, obesity, and health risk. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160(7), 898-904.
McDonald, Sarah D. (2017). Management and prevention of obesity in adults and children. CMAJ, 176(8), 1109-1110.
Barnett, Tony, & Kumar, Sudhest (2019). Obesity and Diabetes Second edition. UK. Wiley-Blackwell.
Wadden, T.A., Berkowitz, R.I., Womble, L.G., Sarwer, D.B., Phelan, S., Cato, R.K., ... & Stunkard, A.J. (2005). Randomized trial of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy for obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 353(20), 2111-2120.
