RESEARCH OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF DRY EXTRACT FROM SPINACH GARDEN LEAVES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/1811-2471.2023.v.i2.13896Keywords:
dry extract, spinach leaves, carrageenan edema, anti-inflammatory activity, diclofenac sodium, white ratsAbstract
SUMMARY. The anti-inflammatory activity of a dry extract from spinach leaves at a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight was studied in the model of carrageenan paw edema in rats. The obtained data can be used to create new anti-inflammatory agents of plant origin.
The aim – to study the anti-inflammatory properties of dry extract from spinach leaves on the model of carrageenan edema of the paw of rats.
Material and Methods. The research was conducted on white male rats weighing 180–250 g, which were divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each. In all animals, inflammatory edema was induced by injecting 0.1 ml of a 1 % carrageenan solution under the plantar aponeurosis of the hind paw of the rat. One of the groups of rats was injected intragastrically with a dry extract from spinach leaves in a prophylactic mode once 1 hour before the induction of inflammation at a dose of 100 mg/kg of animal weight. Control animals received the corresponding volume of water. Another group of animals received diclofenac sodium at a dose of 8 mg/kg as a comparison drug. The severity of the inflammatory process was assessed by the increase in the volume of the affected limb, which was measured before the introduction of the phlogogen and 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours after the introduction of the phlogotropic agent using a mechanical oncometer. Research results were subjected to statistical analysis using the Statistica 6.0 statistical program using the parametric Student's test and the non-parametric Wilcoxon test for paired samples. Changes were considered probable at p≤0.05.
Results. Studies conducted to study the anti-inflammatory activity of dry extract from spinach garden leaves showed that in a group of animals that were injected with only a carrageenan solution, the maximum volume of paw edema (2.3 times larger compared to the initial size) was registered on the third an hour after phlogogen administration. The anti-inflammatory activity of the dry extract at this time was 21.80 %, 24 hours after the introduction of carrageenan, its anti-inflammatory activity was at the level of 29.5 %. The anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac sodium was 38 % during all study periods.
Conclusions. The results of the conducted studies indicate moderate anti-inflammatory activity of dry extract from spinach leaves, which most actively suppresses the development of paw edema in rats after 24 hours.
References
Popadinets, O.G., Hrytsyk, A.R., & Mandziy, T.P. (2017). Vyvchennya protyzapalnoyi aktyvnosti ta hostroyi toksychnosti ekstraktiv sosny zvychaynoyi [Study of anti-inflammatory activity and acute toxicity of pine extracts]. Farmatsevtychnyy zhurnal – Pharmaceutical Journal, 3-4, 89-96 [in Ukrainian]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.3-4.17.10
Fokunang, C.N., Fokunang, E.T., Frederick, K., Ngameni, B., & Ngadjui, B. (2018). Overview of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in resource limited countries. MOJ Toxicol, 4(1), 5-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/mojt.2018.03.00081
Fernandez, A., Kirsch, I., Noël, L., Rodondi, P.Y., Kaptchuk, T.J., Suter, M.R., Décosterd, I., & Berna, C. (2019). A test of positive suggestions about side effects as a way of enhancing the analgesic response to NSAIDs. PLoS One., 14(1), е0209851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209851
Pyda, V.P., Fira, L.S., & Lykhatsky, P.G. (2018). Vyvchennya protyzapalnoyi aktyvnosti sukhoho ekstraktu z lystya salatu posivnoho [Study of anti-inflammatory activity of dry extract from lettuce leaves]. Medychna ta klinichna khimiya – Medical and Clinical Chemistry, 20(3), 57-62 [in Ukrainian].
Ricciotti, E., & FitzGerald, G.A. (2011). Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 31(5), 986-1000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.207449
Jiraungkoorskul, W. (2016). Review of neuro–nutrition used as anti–alzheimer plant, spinach, Spinacia oleracea. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 10(20), 105-108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.194040
Narsing, Rao G., Prabhakara, Rao P.G., Sulochanamma, G., & Satyanarayana, A. (2015). Physico–chemical aminoacid composition, fatty acid profile, functional and antioxidant properties of Spinacia oleracea L. Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, 27-37.
Metha, D., & Belemka, S. (2014). Pharmacological activity of spinacia oleracea linn. - a complete overview. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 2(1), 83-93.
Sultana, B., & Anwar, F. (2008). Flavonols (kampeferol, quercetin, myricetin) contents of selected fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. Food Chem., 108(3), 879-84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.11.053
Jaime, L., Vázquez, E., Fornari, T., López-Hazas, M.C., García-Risco, M.R., Santoyo, S., & Reglero, G. (2014). Extraction of functional ingredients from spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) using liquid solvent and supercritical CO2 extraction. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95(4), 722-729. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6788
Khokhlova, K.O., Vishnevska, L.I., Naboka, O.I., & Garna, S.V. (2012). Farmakolohichne vyvchennya protyzpalnoyi aktyvnosti i hostroyi toksychnosti nastoyky skladnoyi «Aterofit-norma». [Pharmacological study of anti-inflammatory activity and acute toxicity of complex tincture “Aterophyt-norma”]. Ukrainskyi med. almanakh – Ukr. Med. Almanac, 15(5), 60-62 [in Ukrainian].
Stefanov, O.V. (Eds) (2001). Doklinichni doslidzhennya likarskykh zasobiv : metod. rek. [Preclinical research of medicines: method. rec.]. Kyiv: Avicenna, 263-261 [in Ukrainian].
Gross, D., & Tolba, R. (2015). Ethics in Animal-Based Research. Eur. Surg. Res., 55(1-2), 43-57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000377721
Okeh, U. (2009). Statistical problems in medical research. East. Afr. J. Public. Health., 6(1), 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/eajph.v6i3.45762
Sansbury, B.E., & Spite, M. (2016). Resolution of acute inflammation and the role of resolvins in immunity, thrombosis, and vascular biology. Circ. Res., 119(1), 113-130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.307308
Spiller, F., Alves, M.K., Vieira, S.M., Carvalho, T.A., Leite, C.E., Lunardelli, A., ... Oliveira, J.R. (2008). Anti-inflammatory effects of red pepper (Capsicum baccatum) on carrageenan- and antigen-induced inflammation. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 60(4), 473-478. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.60.4.0010
