PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF BIOSENSORS AND IMMUNOSENSORS WITH DIAGNOSTIC GOALS IN CLINICAL MEDICINE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/2415-8798.2019.1.9998Keywords:
biosensor, immunosensor, receptor, antigen, antibody, immune complexAbstract
The complexity of biological methods of analysis is that substances of defined organic compounds, are in complex, multi-component solutions and mixtures. It is clear that traditional methods of physical and chemical analysis does not solve many current problems. Modern development of electronic technology, in particular, biomedical, has set the priority tasks of creating high-precision primary transformers (sensory elements) for systems of sensitive and selective rapid-analysis of liquid agents for the presence of diagnostic-important substances. Currently, described biosensors for determination of biological and abiotical substances in a variety of environments. Modern biosensor designs are quite compact devices that combine the biological test element and the physico-chemical analyzer. In this article the main types, principles of work and prospects of use of biosensors and immunosensors for diagnostic purposes in clinical practice were highlighted.
The aim of the study – to conduct an analysis of modern foreign literature on types of biosensors and their promise of application as an express diagnostic method in clinical medicine.
Materials and Methods. Bibliosemantic and analytical methods were used in the study.
Results and Discussion. During the research, the review and analysis of the latest data of foreign scientific medical literature on the types, principles of work, development and application of biosensors and immunosensors in clinical medicine was conducted. Biosensors include a biological recognition component, for example, bioassay, microorganism, enzyme, receptor, nucleic acid, or antibody in close contact with the transducer. Depending on the method of transmitting the signal (transducer type), the biosensors can be divided into such main groups: optical, mass, thermal, electrochemical, electrochemiluminescent, piezoelectric, based on the surface plasmon resonance. In addition, all biosensors can be divided into two large groups: with direct detection and with the indirect detection of the analyte. The interest in electrochemical biosensors with the use of inexpensive disposable consumables has led to the development of fine and thick-film technology in the production of biosensors of various types. The most promising among the biosensors for clinical diagnosis are sensors and methods based on the use of immune reactions, which are called immunosensors.
Conclusions. In recent decades, research on the development of methods and sensors that can be applied practically anywhere is being conducted as an express diagnostic method in clinical medicine. The best way to do this is to use portable, fast and sensitive biosensor technology with the ability to interpret results immediately. Biosensors and immunosensors, due to their high specificity and sensitivity, allow detecting a wide spectrum of analytes in samples with a complex matrix (saliva, blood, serum, lymph, urine) with minimal sample preparation.
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