STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ARTERIES OF THE HIND LIMB OF RATS IN THE EARLY REPERFUSION PERIOD OF ACUTE ISCHEMIA CAUSED BY APPLICATION OF THE ARTERIAL TOURNIQUET
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/2415-8798.2019.1.9955Keywords:
acute ischemia, artery, artery wall, ischemia-reperfusion syndrome, Wagenvoort indexAbstract
Acute limb ischemia occurs as a result of obturation of the lumen of large arteries due to acute thrombosis or embolism, as well as impaired of vascular patency, caused by trauma or compression (including the use of hemostatic tourniquets). In case of elimination of the acute ischemia and restoration of arterial blood supply to the affected limb arises a multifactorial lesion of tissues both ischemic and distant from the site of damage, known as the ischemia-reperfusion syndrome.
The aim of the study – to establish the manifestations of structural changes in arteries of different caliber of the rat’s hind limbs under acute ischemia conditions caused by the application of an arterial tourniquet.
Materials and Methods. The histological and morphometric study of transverse sections of the arterial vessels of the hind limbs of 30 rats under condition of experimental acute ischemia was performed. There were 9 intact animals in the control group. Acute ischemia was caused by application of SWAT (Stretch–Wrap–And–Tuck) rubber bands on the hind limbs of animals, 5–6 mm width, at the inguinal fold level within 2 hours under thiopental anesthesia. During the experiment, all the animals were divided into 3 study groups of 10 rats in each group. The model of the early postischemic period was represented by groups of animals with reperfusion changes on the 1st, 2nd hour and 1st day after removal of the tourniquet. The histological examination was carried out according to standard methods. Quantitative indicators were processed statistically.
Results and Discussion. All-round analysis of the obtained data revealed that the remodeling of arteries was already indicated in the 1 hour of the early postischemic period and increased to the end of the 1st day. Experimental ischemia with the development of ischemic-reperfusion syndrome in rats was manifested by remodeling of arteries with edema of their wall and perivascular tissues, cell infiltration, uneven corrugation and fragmentation of elastic fibers and basement membranes, damaging endothelium together with edema, necrosis and prolapse endothelial cells into the lumen of the arterial vessels, as well as erythrocytes adhesion. By the morphometric study, both the outer and lumen diameters of large arteries (femoral, popliteal) increase and a slight decrease in the thickness of their wall due to compensatory expansion was detected. In the small arteries (muscular branches), a significant reduction in the outer diameter and (to a greater extent) lumen, as well as significant thickening of the vascular wall was observed. In all arteries there was an increase of intima thickness, which grew to the end of the period, and also increased at the same time as the decrease in artery caliber. There was a moderate decrease of the Wagenvoort index in the early reperfusion period for the femoral and popliteal arteries, and a significant increase for small arteries (muscular branches). For the tibial arteries, the Wagenvoort index has decreased slightly.
Conclusions. The results of histological and morphometric studies confirm the remodeling of the arteries of the rats hind limbs as a result of the development of ischemia-reperfusion syndrome in experimental animals, which manifested itself with edema of all layers of the arterial wall and perivascular tissues, cell infiltration, uneven corrugation and fragmentation of basal membranes, damaging of the intima with edema, necrosis and prolapse of endothelial cells into the arterial lumen, adhesion of red blood cells in damaged areas of intima. Morphometric studies revealed a pronounced spasm of small arteries with the development of edema, which resulted in a moderate compensatory expansion of large hip arteries. The decrease of the Wagenvoort index for the femur and popliteal arteries during the first hours of reperfusion, and its significant increase for the small arteries of the femoral area, was noted. An increase in the thickness of the intima arteries of all caliber, which reached its maximum at the end of the first day of reperfusion, was also recorded.
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