THE FEATURES OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND METABOLIC CHANGES IN BRONCHI AND LUNGS IN THE DYNAMICS OF THE FORMATION OF EXPERIMENTAL ASTHMA

Abstract

Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of cases of allergic diseases, primarily bronchial asthma (BA), which is regarded as a world-class problem and is the focus of attention of clinicians of various specialties. At the present stage, asthma is a complex disease with various clinical and pathogenetic variants of the course, features of the response to treatment and long-term results of the disease.     

The aim of the study – to learn the morphological and metabolic changes in the bronchi and lungs of guinea pigs in the dynamics of the formation of experimental asthma.

Materials and Methods. The performed pathomorphological studies have found that the use of this experimental model caused spasm of smooth muscle tissue in the small and middle caliber of bronchi, arterial vessels of the lungs with pronounced narrowing of their space, as well as eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltration, especially on the 19th day of the experiment, which in the future (33 days) resulted in the development of focal atelectasis, pneumosclerosis and emphysema of the lungs.

Results and Discussion. The results of the conducted biochemical studies showed the activation of proteolytic processes in the bronchi at all stages of their development against the backdrop of inhibitory system, especially on the 33rd day of the experiment – the content of azoalbumin increased by 107.2 % (p<0.05), azocasein increased by 133.8 % (p<0.05) and the concentration of alpha-2-macroglobulin decreased by 64.6 % (p<0.05) compared with control. The formation of bronchial asthma causes a violation of the proteinase-inhibitory system in the lungs, which manifests itself in a credible phase-out increase in the lysis of proteins in conditions of compensatory enhancement of α₂-macrogluculin content at the 5th day of the experiment with subsequent reduction. The most notable changes in the proteinase-inhibitory system were observed at the latest (33rd day) of our observation – the content of azoalbumin increased by 85.9 % (p<0.05), azocasein increased by 96.3 % (p<0.05), and the level of α₂-macroglobulin decreased by 48.5 % (p<0.05) in the lungs relative to the control parameters.

Conclusions. Thus, in the dynamics of the development of experimental asthma there is an increase in protease reactions with initial activation, and then by depression of the activity of inhibitory protection, indicating a pronounced imbalance of the proteinase-inhibitory system from the early period of the formation of this pathology.