AMANITA PHALLOIDES POISONING: MECHANISM OF TOXICITY AND PATHOGENESIS OF THE INJURY
(LITERATURE REVIEW)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/mcch.2410-681X.2020.i4.11749Keywords:
Amanita phalloides, mushroom poisoning, hepatotoxicity, amatoxins, phalloidinsAbstract
Introduction. Amanita phalloides is one of the most dangerous poisonous fungi. Amanita phalloides toxins are strong poisons that have a hepatonephrotropic effect, and due to the lack of specific antidotes to them, the treatment of poisoning by this fungus remains an important problem. Amanita phalloides toxins are divided into two groups: phallotoxins, which affect the endoplasmic reticulum, and amatoxins, which act more slowly, but are almost 20 times more toxic than the former. Amatoxins are the major toxins of Amanita phalloides and one of the most dangerous natural toxins that cause liver, kidney, and, in general, multiorgan failure due to inhibition of protein synthesis at the level of transcription within enterocytes, hepatocytes, and proximal tubular cells of the kidney. After taking Amanita phalloides, amatoxin often induces massive necrosis of liver cells with a high mortality rate, which sometimes reaches up to 90 %.
Significant importance in the pathogenesis of ammanite-phalloidin damage is given to disorders of protein metabolism due to inhibition of RNA polymerase II cells, direct inhibitory effect on the activity of already synthesized enzymes and indirect effects on enzyme systems through substrates.
Another mechanism of α-amanitin toxicity is the formation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to damage associated with oxidative stress. Lipid peroxidation can contribute to massive necrosis and severe hepatotoxicity.
This paper presents a detailed overview of the poisoning of the main toxins of the Amanita phalloides. The article discusses the biochemistry of amatoxin, phalloidin and other toxins of Amanita, mechanisms of toxicity, pathogenesis of poisoning by Amanita phalloides.
The paper uses general scientific research methods, including expert-analytical review of scientific sources, analysis and synthesis of literature data.
The aim of the study – to analyze current literature sources on the biochemistry of Amanita phalloides toxins, mechanisms of toxicity, pathogenesis of Amanita phalloides poisoning.
Conclusions. The analysis of literature sources substantiates the relevance of the study of the mechanisms of toxicity and pathogenesis of toxins of the Amanita phalloides in order to identify metabolic disorders, which is necessary to predict the severity of the pathological process, search and development of treatments for amatoxin-phaloidin poisoning.
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