Порушення в гемостазі у хворих на гострий панкреатит і шляхи корекції
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/mcch.2410-681X.2015.v17.i2.4880Анотація
В огляді літератури наведено експериментальні та клінічні дані про зміни в системі гемостазу при
гострому панкреатиті. Розглянуто причини гемостазіологічних порушень, визначено можливі шляхи
корекції. Порушення в коагуляції є характерною ознакою при гострому панкреатиті й пов’язані з тяжкістю
захворювання. Результати експериментальних досліджень на тваринах і клінічні дані підтверджують, що
модуляція гемостазу може забезпечити терапевтичну мішень для лікування цієї патології. Пригнічення
каскаду згортання може запобігти внутрішньосудинному згортанню крові й запаленню в підшлунковій
залозі та віддалених органах, тим самим попереджуючи системні ускладнення у хворих на гострий пан-
креатит.
Посилання
Джарар Р. М. Коррекция системы гемостаза
в лечении ранней стадии острого панкреатита /
Р. М. Джарар, Е. А. Корымасов, Ю. В. Горбунов // Но-
вости хирургии. – 2011. – 19, № 2. – С. 43–49.
Значимость тромбоцитарных нарушений в про-
гнозе исхода острого панкреатита / Б. Б. Бромберг,
Н. А. Майстренко, Ю. Н. Шанин [и др.] // Регионарное
кровообращение и микроциркуляция. – 2013. – 12,
№ 3. – С. 4–10.
Нарушения в системе гемостаза у больных
острым панкреатитом и ее коррекция / С. В. Авакимян,
Г. К. Карипиди, В. А. Авакимян [и др.] // Кубанский науч.
мед. вестн. – 2013. – № 7. – С. 38–40.
Abdalla S. E. Coagulation profile (PT, APTT,
fibrinogen level and platelets count) in Sudanese patients
with acute pancreatitis / S. E. Abdalla, H. T. Adam,
E. A. Abdelgadir // Merit. Res. J. Microbiol. Biol. Sci. –
– 2. – P. 1–4.
Activated protein C, an anticoagulant polypeptide,
ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis via regulation of
mitogen-activated protein kinases / P. Chen, Y. Zhang,
M. Qiao, Y. J. Yuan // Gastroenterol. – 2007. – 42. –
P. 887–896.
Activated protein C improves the severity of
severe acute pancreatitis via up-regulating the expressions
of endothelial cell protein C receptor and
thrombomodulin // C. Ping, Z. Yongping, Q. Minmin
[et al.] // Dig. Dis. Sci. – 2010. – 55. – P. 1599–1609.
Activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
(TAFIa) is associated with inflammatory markers in
inflammatory bowel diseases: TAFIa level in patients
with IBD / D. Owczarek, A. Undas, J. H. Foley [et al.] //
J. Crohns Colitis. – 2011. – 6. – P. 13–20.
Acute pancreatitis: bench to the bedside /
S. J. Pandol, A. K. Saluja, C. W. Imrie, P. A. Banks //
Gastroenterology. – 2007. – 132. – P. 1127–1151.
Adams R. L. Review article: Coagulation cascade
and therapeutics update: relevance to nephrology. Part 1:
Overview of coagulation, thrombophilias and history of
anticoagulants / R. L. Adams, R. J. Bird // Nephrology
(Carlton). – 2009. – 14. – P. 462–470.
A double-blind, randomized, controlled study to
explore the efficacy of rFVIIa on intraoperative blood loss
and mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis /
J. Lu, L. M. Liao, Y. X. Geng [et al.] // Thromb. Res. –
– 133. – P. 574–578.
Alterations of platelet function and coagulation
parameters during acute pancreatitis / E. Akbal,
S. Demirci, E. Koçak [et al.] // Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis. –
– 24. – P. 243–246.
Alterations of platelet function, number and indexes
during acute pancreatitis / K. Mimidis, V. Papadopoulos,
J. Kotsianidis [et al.] // Pancreatology. – 2004. – 4. –
P. 22–27.
Antithrombin III in critically ill patients: systematic
review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis /
A. Afshari, J. Wetterslev, J. Brok, A. Moller // BMJ. –
– 335. – P. 1248–1251.
Antithrombin III prevents cerulein-induced
acute
pancreatitis in rats / S. Hagiwara, H. Iwasaka, C. Shingu
[et al.] // Pancreas. – 2009. – 38. – P. 746–751.
APCAP-activated protein C in acute pancreatitis:
a double-blind randomized human pilot trial / V. Pettilä,
L. Kyhälä, M. L. Kylänpää [et al.] // Crit. Care. – 2010. –
– P. 139.
Applicability of disseminated intravascular
coagulation parameters in the assessment of the severity
of acute pancreatitis / K. Maeda, M. Hirota, A. Ichihara
[et al.] // Pancreas. – 2006. – 32. – P. 87–92.
Babu B. I. Functional protein C levels during the
early phase of clinical acute pancreatitis / B. I. Babu,
A. K. Siriwardena // Pancreas. – 2010. – 39. – P. 1077–
Bajzar L. The profibrinolytic effect of activated
protein C in clots formed from plasma is TAFI-dependent /
L. Bajzar, M. E. Nesheim, P. B. Tracy // Blood. – 1996. –
– P. 2093–2100.
Bhatia M. Acute pancreatitis as a model of
SIRS / M. Bhatia // Front. Biosci. – 2009. – 14. –
P. 2042–2050.
Bhatia M. Treatment with antileukinate, a CXCR2
chemokine receptor antagonist, protects mice against
acute pancreatitis and associated lung injury / M. Bhatia,
A. Hegde // Regul. Pept. – 2007. – 138. – P. 40–48.
Bockman D. E. Ultrastructure of human acute
pancreatitis / D. E. Bockman, M. Büchler, H. G. Beger //
Int. J. Pancreatol. – 1986. – 1. – P. 141–153.
Bouma B. N. Thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis
inhibitor (TAFI, plasma procarboxypeptidase B, procarboxypeptidase
R, procarboxypeptidase U) / B. N. Bouma,
J. C. Meijers // J. Thromb. Haemost. – 2003. – 1. –
P. 1566–1574.
Butenas S. Active tissue factor in blood? /
S. Butenas, K. G. Mann // Nat. Med. – 2004. – 10. –
P. 1155–1156.
Coagulative disorders in human acute pancreatitis:
role for the D-dimer / T. Salomone, P. Tosi,
G. Palareti [et al.] // Pancreas. – 2003. – 26. – P. 111–
Conversion of antithrombin from an inhibitor
of thrombin to a substrate with reduced heparin affinity
and enhanced conformational stability by binding of a
tetradecapeptide corresponding to the P1 to P14 region
of the putative reactive bond loop of the inhibitor / I. Bjork,
K. Ylinenjarvi, S. T. Olson, P. E. Bock // J. Biol. Chem. –
– 267. – P. 1976–1982.
Critical role of CXC chemokines in endotoxemic
liver injury in mice / X. Li, D. Klintman, Q. Liu [et al.] // J.
Leukoc. Biol. – 2004. – 75. – P. 443–452.
Dabrowski A. The effect of platelet activating
factor antagonist (BN 52021) on acute experimental
pancreatitis with reference to multiorgan oxidative stress /
A. Dabrowski, A. Gabryelewicz, L. Chyczewski // Int. J.
Pancreatol. – 1995. – 17. – P. 173–180.
D-dimer as a marker of severity in patients with
severe acute pancreatitis / L. Ke, H. B. Ni, Z. H. Tong
[et al.] // J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci. – 2012. – 19. –
P. 259–265.
D-dimer in acute pancreatitis: a new approach
for an early assessment of organ failure / D. Radenkovic,
D. Bajec, N. Ivancevic [et al.] // Pancreas. – 2009. – 38. –
P. 655–660.
Decreased inflammation and improved survival
with recombinant human activated protein C treatment
in experimental acute pancreatitis / G. Alsfasser,
A. L. Warshaw, S. Thayer [et al.] // Arch. Surg. – 2006. –
– P. 670–676.
Del Giudice L. A. The role of tissue factor and
tissue factor pathway inhibitor in health and disease
states / L. A. Del Giudice, G. A. White // J. Vet. Emerg.
Crit. Care. – 2009. – 19. – P. 23–29.
de Stoppelaar S. F. The role of platelets in sepsis /
S. F. de Stoppelaar, C. van’t Veer, T. van der Poll //
Thromb. Haemost. – 2014. – 112. – P. 666–677.
Disorders of hemostasis during the surgical
management of severe necrotizing pancreatitis /
D. Radenkovic, D. Bajec, A. Karamarkovic [et al.] //
Pancreas. – 2004. – 29. – P. 152–156.
Dual mechanism of integrin αIIbβ3 closure in
procoagulant platelets / N. J. Mattheij, K. Gilio, R. van
Kruchten [et al.] // J. Biol. Chem. – 2013. – 288. –
P. 13325–13336.
Efficacy and safety of recombinant human
activated protein C for severe sepsis / G. R. Bernard,
J. L. Vincent, P. F. Laterre [et al.] // N. Engl. J. Med. –
– 344. – P. 699–709.
Elevation of plasma tissue factor levels in patients
with severe acute pancreatitis / H. Sawa, T. Ueda,
Y. Takeyama [et al.] // J. Gastroenterol. – 2006. – 41. –
P. 575–581.
Ellery P. E. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor: then
and now / P. E. Ellery, M. J. Adams // Semin. Thromb.
Hemost. – 2014. – 40. – P. 881–886.
Endotoxin and thrombin elevate rodent endothelial
cell protein C receptor mRNA levels and increase receptor
shedding in vivo / J. M. Gu, Y. Katsuura, G. L. Ferrell
[et al.] // Blood. – 2000. – 95. – P. 1687–1693.
Esmon C. T. Coagulation inhibitors and inflammation
/ C. T. Esmon // Biochem. Soc. Trans. – 2005. – 33
(Pt 2). – P. 401–405.
Esmon C. T. The endothelial cell protein C
receptor / C. T. Esmon // Thromb. Haemost. – 2000. –
– P. 639–643.
Esmon C. T. The impact of the inflammatory
response on coagulation / C. T. Esmon // Thromb. Res. –
– 114. – P. 321–327.
Esmon C. T. The interactions between inflammation
and coagulation / C. T. Esmon // Br. J. Haematol. –
– 131. – P. 417–430.
Esmon C. T. The protein C pathway / C. T. Esmon
// Crit. Care Med. – 2000. – 28. – P. 44–48.
Evaluation of recombinant platelet-activating
factor acetylhydrolase for reducing the incidence and
severity of post-ERCP acute pancreatitis / S. Sherman,
W. M. Alazmi, G. A. Lehman [et al.] // Gastrointest. Endosc.
– 2009. – 69, 3 Pt 1. – P. 462–472.
Extended evaluation of recombinant human
activated protein C United States Trial (ENHANCE US):
a single-arm, phase 3B, multicenter study of drotrecogin
alfa (activated) in severe sepsis / G. R. Bernard,
B. D. Margolis, H. M.Shanies [et al.] // Chest. – 2004. –
– P. 2206–2216.
General mechanisms of coagulation and
targets of anticoagulants (Section I). Position Paper of
the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis –
Task Force
on Anticoagulants in Heart Disease / R. De Caterina,
S. Husted, L. Wallentin [et al.] // Thromb. Haemost. –
– 109. – P. 569–579.
Granger J. Acute pancreatitis: models, markers,
and mediators / J. Granger, D. Remick // Shock. – 2005. –
, Suppl. 1. – P. 45–51.
Griffin J. H. Protein C anticoagulant and
cytoprotective pathways / J. H. Griffin, B. V. Zlokovic,
L. O. Mosnier // Int. J. Hematol. – 2012. – 95. – P. 333–
Hooper K. An updated view of hemostasis:
mechanisms of hemostatic dysfunction associated with
sepsis / K. Hooper, S. Bateman // J. Vet Emerg. Crit.
Care. – 2005. – 15. – P. 83–91.
Ikezoe T. Thrombomodulin/activated protein C
system in septic disseminated intravascular coagulation /
T. Ikezoe // J. Intensive Care. – 2015. – 3. – 8 p.
Importance of platelet aggregation in patients with
end-stage renal disease / Z. Martinović, N. Basić-Jukić,
D. B. Pavlović, P. Kes // Acta Clin. Croat. – 2013. – 52. –
P. 472–477.
Infection and inflammation and the coagulation
system / M. Levi, T. T. Keller, E. van Gorp [et al.] //
Cardiovasc. Res. – 2003. – 60. – P. 26–39.
Jurk K. Analysis of platelet function and dysfunction
/ K. Jurk // Hamostaseologie. – 2015. – 35. –
P. 60–72.
Kubier A. Endogenous anticoagulants / A. Kubier,
M. O’Brien // Top. Companion Anim. Med. – 2012. – 27. –
P. 81–87.
Leung L. L. Regulation of tissue inflammation
by thrombin-activatable carboxypeptidase B (or TAFI) /
L. L. Leung, T. Nishimura, T. Myles // Adv. Exp. Med.
Biol. – 2008. – 632. – P. 61–69.
Levi M. Coagulation in patients with severe
sepsis / M. Levi, Tv. Poll // Semin. Thromb. Hemost. –
– 41. – P. 9–15.
Levi M. Disseminated intravascular coagulation /
M. Levi, H. ten Cate // N. Engl. J. Med. – 1999. – 341. –
P. 586–592.
Lisman T. Activation and regulation of hemostasis
in acute liver failure and acute pancreatitis / T. Lisman,
R. J. Porte // Semin. Thromb. Hemost. – 2010. – 36. –
P. 437–443.
Lwaleed B. A. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor:
structure, biology and involvement in disease /
B. A. Lwaleed, P. S. Bass // J. Pathol. – 2006. – 208. –
P. 327–339.
Madsen J. J. Tissue factor activates allosteric
networks in factor VIIa through structural and dynamic
changes / J. J. Madsen, E. Persson, O. H .Olsen // J.
Thromb. Haemost. – 2015. – 13. – P. 262–267.
Makhija R. Cytokine storm in acute pancreatitis /
R. Makhija, A. N. Kingsnorth // J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat.
Surg. – 2002. – 9. – P. 401–410.
Mean platelet volume as an indicator of disease
severity in patients with acute pancreatitis / Y. Beyazit,
A. Sayilir, S. Torun [et al.] // Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol.
– 2012. – 36. – P. 162–168.
Mechanism of tissue factor production by
monocytes stimulated with neutrophil elastase /
J. Kawata, M. Aoki, Y. Ishimaru [et al.] // Blood Cells Mol.
Dis. – 2015. – 54. – P. 206–209.
Milestones and perspectives in coagulation
and hemostasis / G. Lippi, E. J. Favaloro, M. Franchini,
G. C. Guidi // Semin. Thromb. Hemost. – 2009. – 35. –
P. 9–22.
Miranda C. J. Recombinant human activated
protein C as a disease modifier in severe acute
pancreatitis: systematic review of current evidence /
C. J. Miranda, B. I. Babu, A. K. Siriwardena // Pancreatology.
– 2012. – 12. – P. 119–123.
Mohan Rao L. V. Endothelial cell protein C
receptor: a multiliganded and multifunctional receptor /
L. V. Mohan Rao, C. T. Esmon, U. R. Pendurthi // Blood. –
– 124. – P. 1553–1562.
Mondino A. uPA and uPAR in fibrinolysis,
immunity and pathology / A. Mondino, F. Blasi // Trends
Immunol. – 2004. – 25. – P. 450–455.
Monocytes regulate systemic coagulation and
inflammation in abdominal sepsis / Y. Wang, O. Ö. Braun,
S. Zhang [et al.] // Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. –
– 308. – P. 540–547.
Monroe D. M. Transmission of a procoagulant
signal from tissue factor-bearing cell to platelets /
D. M. Monroe, M. Hoffman, H. R. Roberts // Blood Coagul.
Fibrinolysis. – 1996. – 7. – P. 459–464.
Nesheim M. Thrombin and fibrinolysis / M. Nesheim
// Chest. – 2003. – 124, Suppl. 3. – P. 33–39.
Of von Willebrand factor and platelets /
M. Bryckaert, J. P. Rosa, C. V. Denis, P. J. Lenting // Cell.
Mol. Life Sci. – 2015. – 72. – P. 307–326.
Persistent multiple organ microcirculatory
disorders in severe acute pancreatitis: experimental
findings and clinical implications / T. Foitzik, G. Eibl,
B. Hotz [et al.] // Dig. Dis. Sci. – 2002. – 47. – P. 130–138.
Plasma thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
as an indicator of inflammation and disease severity
in acute pancreatitis / A. Sayilir, Y. Beyazita, Y. Yesil
[et al.] // Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol. – 2012. –
– P. 498–504.
Plasma thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor
(TAFI) antigen levels in diabetic foot ulcers / M. Erdogan,
S. Solmaz, A. Canataroglu [et al.] // Endocrine. – 2010. –
– P. 449–454.
Plasma tissue factor pathway inhibitor levels
in patients with acute pancreatitis / T. Yasuda, T. Ueda,
K. Кamei [et al.] // J. Gastroenterol. – 2009. – 44. –
P. 1071–1079.
Platelet activating factor antagonism reduces
the systemic inflammatory response in a murine model
of acute pancreatitis / J. S. Lane, K. E. Todd, B. Gloor
[et al.] // J. Surg. Res. – 2001. – 99. – P. 365–370.
Platelet activation by human pancreatic fluid /
R. A. Prinz, J. Fareed, A. Rock [et al.] // J. Surg. Res. –
– 37. – P. 314–319.
Platelet activation in acute pancreatitis / J. Osada,
U. Wereszczynska-Siemiatkowska, A. Dabrowski,
M. I. Dabrowska // Pancreas. – 2012. – 8. – P. 1319–1324.
Prognostic significance of D-dimer, natural
anticoagulants and routine coagulation parameters in
acute pancreatitis / S. S. Badhal, S. Sharma, A. Saraya,
A. K. Mukhopadhyay // Trop. Gastroenterol. – 2012. –
– P. 193–199.
Protease-activated receptor (PAR) 1 and PAR4
differentially regulate factor V expression from human
platelets / M. Duvernay, S. Young, D. Gailani [et al.] //
Mol. Pharmacol. – 2013. – 83. – P. 781–792.
Protective effect of antithrombin III in acute
experimental
pancreatitis in rats / W. K. Bleeker, J. Agterberg,
G. Rigter [et al.] // Dig. Dis. Sci. – 1992. – 37. –
P. 280–285.
Protein C activation during the initial phase
of experimental acute pancreatitis in the rabbit /
L. H. Ottesen, E. M. Bladbjerg, M. Osman [et al.] // Dig.
Surg. – 1999. – 16. – P. 486–495.
Protein C and acute inflammation: a clinical and
biological perspective / S. C. Christiaans, B. M. Wagener,
C. T. Esmon, J. F. Pittet // Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol.
Physiol. – 2013. – 305. – P. 455–466.
Protein S and factor V in regulation of coagulation
on platelet microparticles by activated protein C /
S. Somajo, R. L. Koshiar, E. Norström, B. Dahlbäck //
Thromb. Res. – 2014. – 134. – P. 144–152.
Ramnath R. D. Substance P treatment stimulates
chemokine synthesis in pancreatic acinar cells via the
activation of NF-kappaB / R. D. Ramnath, M. Bhatia //
Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. – 2006. –
– P. 1113–1119.
Recombinant tissue factor pathway inhibitor
reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary vascular
injury by inhibiting leukocyte activation / P. Enkhbaatar,
K. Okajima, K. Murakami [et al.] // Am. J. Respir. Crit.
Care Med. – 2000. – 162. – P. 1752–1759.
Role of endogenous platelet-activating factor in
caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats: protective
effects of a PAF-antagonist / K. Fujimura, Y. Kubota,
M. Ogura [et al.] // J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. – 1992. –
– P. 199–202.
Role of platelet-activating factor in hemodynamic
derangements in an acute rodent pancreatic model /
G. Ais, A. Lopez-Farre, D. Gomez-Garre [et al.] // Gastroenterology.
– 1992. – 102. – P. 181–187.
Role of platelets in experimental acute pancreatitis
/ A. Abdulla, D. Awla, H. Hartman [et al.] // Br. J. Surg. –
– 98. – P. 93–103.
Roll, adhere, spread and contract: Structural
mechanics of platelet function / S. Sorrentino, J. D. Studt,
O. Medalia, K. Tanuj Sapra // Eur. J. Cell Biol. – 2015. –
– P. 129–138.
Schuliga M. The inflammatory actions of coagulant
and fibrinolytic proteases in disease / M. Schuliga //
Mediators Inflamm. – 2015. – 2015, ID 437695. – 9 p.
Sun J. Blockade of neurokinin-1 receptor
attenuates
CC and CXC chemokine production in
experimental acute pancreatitis and associated lung
injury / J. Sun, M. Bhatia // Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest.
Liver Physiol. – 2007. – 292. – P. 143–153.
TAFI and PAI-1 levels in human sepsis /
S. Zeerleder, V. Schroeder, C. E. Hack [et al.] // Thromb.
Res. – 2006. – 118. – P. 205–212.
The effect of activated protein C on experimental
acute necrotizing pancreatitis / L. Yamanel, M. R. Mas,
B. Comert [et al.] // Crit. Care. – 2005. – 9. – P. 184–190.
The in vitro effect of fibrinogen, factor XIII
and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor on clot
formation and susceptibility to tissue plasminogen
activator-induced fibrinolysis in hemodilution model /
B. Shenkman, T. Livnat, A. Lubetsky [et al.] // Blood
Coagul. Fibrinolysis. – 2012. – 23. – P. 370–378.
The linker connecting the two kringles plays a
key role in prothrombin activation / N. Pozzi, Z. Chen,
L. A. Pelc [et al.] // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. – 2014. –
– P. 7630–7635.
Therapy for acute pancreatitis with plateletactivating
factor receptor antagonists / C. Chen, S. H. Xia,
H. Chen, X. H. Li // World J. Gastroenterol. – 2008. –
– P. 4735–4738.
The role of platelets in leukocyte recruitment
in chronic contact hypersensitivity induced by repeated
elicitation / R. Tamagawa-Mineoka, N. Katoh, E. Ueda
[et al.] // Am. J. Pathol. – 2007. – 170. – P. 2019–2029.
Thrombin generation in vitro and in vivo, and
disturbed tissue factor regulation in patients with acute
pancreatitis / O. K. Lindström, E. M. Tukiainen, M. L. Kylänpää
[et al.] // Pancreatology. – 2011. – 11. – P. 557–
Thrombin-induced interleukin 1beta synthesis
in platelet suspensions: impact of contaminating leukocytes
/ D. Pillitteri, S. Bassus, K. Boller [et al.] // Platelets. –
– 18. – P. 119–127.
Tissue factor in predicted severe acute pancreatitis
/ E. Andersson, J. Axelsson, G. Eckerwall [et al.] //
World J. Gastroenterol. – 2010. – 16. – P. 6128–6134.
Treatment with anti-factor VIIa in acute pancreatitis
in rats: blocking both coagulation and inflammation? /
E. Andersson, J. Axelsson, L. C. Pedersen [et al.] //
Scand. J. Gastroenterol. – 2007. – 42. – P. 765–770.
Upregulated but insufficient generation of
activated protein C is associated with development
of multiorgan failure in severe acute pancreatitis /
O. Lindstrom, L. Kylanpaa, P. Mentula [et al.] // Crit.
Care. – 2006. – 10. – P. 16.
Use of activated protein C has no avail in the
early phase of acute pancreatitis / S. Akay, O. Ozutemiz,
C. Yenisey [et al.] // HPB. – 2008. – 10. – P. 459–463.
Utility of clot formation and lysis assay to monitor
global coagulation state of patients with severe acute
pancreatitis / R. Zhu, S. Wei, C. Wu [et al.] // Dig. Dis.
Sci. – 2012. – 57. – P. 1399–1403.
Vadivel K. Structural biology of factor VIIa/tissue
factor initiated coagulation / K. Vadivel, S. P. Bajaj // Front.
Biosci. (Landmark Ed). – 2012. – 17. – P. 2476–2494.
Vascular endothelial injury and apoptosis in rats
with severe acute pancreatitis / N. Ge, Q. Xia, Z. Yang
[et al.] // Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. – 2015. – ID 235017. –
p.
Webster N. R. Inflammation and the coagulation
system / N. R. Webster // Br. J. Anesth. – 2002. – 89. –
P. 216–220.
Wright K. M. Regulation of monocyte chemokine
and MMP-9 secretion by proinflammatory cytokines in
tuberculous osteomyelitis / K. M. Wright, J. S. Friedland //
J. Leukoc. Biol. – 2004. – 75. – P. 1086–1092.
Yan S. L. Platelet activation and plateletleukocyte
aggregation elicited in experimental colitis
are mediated by interleukin-6 / S. L. Yan, J. Russell,
D. N. Granger // Inflamm. Bowel Dis. – 2014. – 20. –
P. 353–362.