ANTHROPOMETRY OF THE EXTERNAL EAR AMONG ADULT IJAWS IN BAYELSA STATE OF NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/ijmmr.2413-6077.2019.1.9897Keywords:
external ear (auricle), Bayelsa Ijaws, anthropometry, sexual dimorphism, lobular attachmentAbstract
Background. External ear measurement is of utmost importance in reconstructive surgeries.
Objectives. The present study is aimed at ascertaining sexual dimorphism in external ear anthropometry and ear lobe attachments among adults Ijaws in Bayelsa, Nigeria.
Methods. A total of 112 adults within the age range of 18-50 yrs, who met the inclusion criteria, were involved in the study. Four linear dimensions of the ear, which are ear length (EL), ear width (EW), lobular length (LL) and lobular width (LW), were measured for both genders. The lobular attachment for both ears for males and females were also examined and results recorded. These data were subjected to Student t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson’s correlation using SPSS version 20.0.
Results. The mean values for EL, EW, LL, and LW for the left auricle in the males and females were 58.14±0.60, 27.41±0.37, 14.47±0.27, 13.50±0.34 and 57.90±0.16, 27.45±0.65, 15.41±0.31, 13.43±0.38 respectively. However, for the right auricle in the males and females, the values were 58.40±0.45, 28.21±0.68, 14.32±0.31, 13.04±0.32, and 56.66±1.10, 27.51±0.65, 15.58±0.29, 13.28±0.34 respectively. The left and right lobular length were the only parameters that proved statistical significance (p<0.05) in females compare to males. Pearson’s correlations between right and left sides for each of the parameters were positive and significant. Chi-square analysis revealed no significant relationship (p>0.05) between earlobe attachments and gender.
Conclusions. Sexual dimorphism was thus established in the Ijaw population as regards lobular length dimensions. It is believed that the results of this study would be very useful for ear morphology and reconstructive surgeries.
References
Stedman TL. Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 27th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. p.95
Deopa D, Thakkar HK, Prakash C, Niranjan R, Barua MP. Anthropometric measurements of externalear of medical students in Uttarakhand region. J Anat Soc India. 2013; 62:79-83. doi: 10.1016/S0003-2778(13)80018-4
Sharma N. Anthropometric measurement and cross-sectional surveying of ear pinna characteristics in Northern India. J Exp Clin Anat. 2016;5:02-6. doi: 10.4103/1596-2393.200914
Ekanem AU, Garba SH, Musa TS, Dare ND. Anthropometric study of the pinna (Auricle) among adult Nigerians resident in Maiduguri metropolis. J Med Sci. 2010; 10(6): 176-80. doi: 10.3923/jms.2010.176.180
Moore KL, Dalley AF. Clinical Oriented Anatomy, 5th ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006. p. 1022-1033.
Sinnatamby CS. Last's Anatomy, Regional and Applied, 10th ed. Churchill Livingstone, New York; 2000. p.406.
Standring S, Berkovitz BKB, Hackney CM. Development of ear. In: Gray's Anatomy. Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 39th ed. (Standring S, Ellis H, Healy JC, Johanson D, Williams A, eds). Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, London; 2005. p.680.
Azaria R, Adler N, Silfen R, Regev D, Hauben DJ. Morphometry of the adult human earlobe: A study of 547 subjects and clinical application. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003; 111 (7): 2398 402. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000060995.99380.DE
Sharma A, Sidhu NK, Sharma MK, Kapoor K, Singh B. Morphometric study of ear lobule in Northwest Indian male subjects. Anat Sci Int. 2007;82:98-104. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000060995.99380.DE
Ahmed SJ, Yaas NK. Study for Genetic Relation between the Attached Ear Lobes and Hairy Ears in a Selective Iraqi Sample. International Journal of Medical and Clinical Research. 2013; 4(2):261-262. doi: 10.9735/0976-5530.4.2.261-262
Ordu KS, Didia BC, Egbunefu N. Inheritance Pattern of Earlobe Attachment amongst Nigerians. Greener Journal of Human Physiology and Anatomy. 2014;2(1):1-7. doi: 10.15580/GJHPA.2014.1.012214054
Verma P, Sandhu HK, Verma KG, Goyal S, Sudan M, Ladgotra, A. Morphological Variations and Biometrics of Ear: An Aid to Personal Identification. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016; 10(5):138-142. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/18265.7876
Mumin A, Olabu B, Ongeti K, Saidi H. Ethnic differences in the morphology of the pinna. Anatomy Journal of Africa. 2018;7(1):1097-102.
Kollali R. Earlobe Morphology; A simple classification of normal earlobes. Journal of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery. 2009; 62:277-280. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2008.01.046
Munir S, Sadeeqa A, Nergis B, Tariq N, Sajjad N. Assessment of Morphogenetic Inherited Traits; Earlobe Attachment, Bent Little Finger and Hitchhiker's Thumb in Quetta, Pakistan. World Journal of Zoology. 2015;10 (4): 252-255.
McDonald JH. Myths of Human Denetics, Delaware University, Sparky House Publishing; 2011. p. 10-16. http://udel.edu/~mcdonald/mythearlobe-html.
Eboh D. Morphological changes of the human pinna in relation to age and gender of Urhobo people in Southern Nigeria. J Clin Exp Anat. 2013; 12:68-74. doi: 10.4103/1596-2393.127964
Wang B, Dong Y, Zhao Y, Shizhu Bai S, Wu G. Computed tomography measurement of the auricle in Han population of north China. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surgery. 2011;64 (1): 34 40. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.03.053
Brucker MJ, Patel J, Sullivan PK. A morphometric study of the external ear: Age and sex related differences. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112 (2): 647 52. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000070979.20679.1F
Alexander KS, Stott DJ, Sivakumar B. A morphology study of the human ear. Journal of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery. 2011; 64:41-47. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.04.005
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Ciusa V, Serrao G, Tartaglia GM. Morphometry of the normal human ear: A cross sectional study from adolescence to mid adulthood. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. 1999; 19 (4): 226-33.
Bozkir MG, Karakas P, Yavuz M, Dere F. Morphometry of the external ear in our adult population. Aesth Plast Surg. 2006;30 (1): 81 5. doi: 10.1007/s00266-005-6095-1
Kalcioglu MT, Miman MC, Toplu Y, Yakinci C, Ozturan O. Anthropometric growth study of normal human auricle. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003; 67 (11): 1169 77. doi: 10.1016/S0165-5876(03)00221-0
Barut C, Aktunc E. Anthropometric measurements of the external ear in a group of Turkish primary school students. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2006; 30 (2): 255 9e. doi: 10.1007/s00266-005-0182-1
Sforza C, Ferrario VF. Soft tissue facial anthropometry in three dimensions: From anatomical landmarks to digital morphology in research, clinics and forensic anthropology. J Anthropol Sci. 2006; 84: 97-124.
Agnihotri G., Singh D. Craniofacial anthropometry in newborns and infants. Iran J Pediatr. 2007; 17 (4): 332 8.
Purkait R, Singh P. Anthropometry of the normal human auricle: A study of adult Indian men. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2007; 31 (4): 371 9. doi: 10.1007/s00266-006-0231-4
Ito I, Imada M, Ikeda M, Sueno K, Arikuni T, Kida A, et al. A morphological study of age changes in adult human auricular cartilage with special emphasis on elastic fibers. Laryngoscope 2001;111:881-6. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200105000-00023
Meijerman L, Van der Lugt C, Maat GJ. Cross-sectional anthropometric study of the external ear. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:286-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00376.x
Shah A, Fareed M, Hussain M, Afzal M. Phylogenetic relationships of muslim populations of Manipur based on morphogenetic markers. Physical Anthropology. 2012;8:463-480.
Kim KE, Song WJ, Kim DK. Reevaluation of the earlobe types in Koreans. Pubmed.2018; 69(6): 377-380. doi: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.10.003
Nwaopara AO, Anibeze CIP, Akpuaka FC, Agbotaen OF. Morphogenetic Traits combination pattern amongst the population of Ekpoma, Nigeria: Focus on Tongue Rolling, Ear lobe attachment, blood groups and genotypes. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008;7:3593-3598.
Singh J, Sengupta S. Some Morphogenetic and behavioural traits among the Assamese Sikhs. Anthropologist. 2004;6(4):253-255. doi: 10.1080/09720073.2004.11890862
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who sent their manuscript to International Journal of Medicine and Medical Research agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY-NC that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
