Features of the endocrine activity of fat tissue in metabolism disorders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/bmbr.2706-6290.2023.1.13323Keywords:
adipose tissue, adipokines, metabolic disordersAbstract
Summary. Since the 80s of the last century, new data have been received on the production by adipose tissue of a whole class of substances regulating physiological and metabolic processes, which were named adipocytokines. These bioactive factors secreted by adipose tissue circulate and transmit information to other metabolically active organs such as muscle, liver, pancreas, and brain through endocrine mechanisms.
The aim of the study – analysis of literary sources with the study of modern views on the peculiarities of the endocrine activity of adipose tissue in metabolic disorders in order to improve the understanding of this topic.
Materials and Methods. Analytical and bibliosemantic methods were used in the scientific search, 34 sources of modern domestic and foreign literature were reviewed and analyzed.
Results. Chronic inflammation of adipose tissue is largely associated with increased accumulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages, which are the main immune cells that secrete most of the inflammatory cytokines. Cytokines such as leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) deserve attention as part of the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Understanding the properties of these substances will allow you to get an idea of the possible spheres of influence of adipose tissue on the body. Leptin serves as a link between adipocytes and β-cells of the pancreas, stimulating insulin secretion in conditions of insulin resistance. This adipokine is a circulating protein and its target is the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus, the influence of which determines our eating behavior. Adiponectin regulates energy homeostasis and has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects. Expression, secretion, and plasma levels of adiponectin are reduced in obesity and/or abdominal adipose tissue distribution, thereby emphasizing the inverse relationship between the degree of obesity and adiponectin production. TNF-α reduces the transmission of the information signal of the biological action of insulin, increasing insulin resistance, which is constantly present in type 2 diabetes, as well as preventing the absorption of glucose and free fatty acids by adipose tissue, and is involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in both the liver and muscles. The IL-6 receptor is expressed in several brain regions, such as the hypothalamus, where it controls appetite and energy intake. It was established that the level of IL-6 gene expression in adipose tissue has a direct correlation both with the degree of activation of glucose absorption and with the degree of expression of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.
Conclusions. Adipose tissue dysfunction as a causal factor is associated with metabolic disorders. It is known that a change in the concentration of various adipokines affects the nature and course of pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory reactions. Thus, the given data from the literature indicate that metabolic disorders occur with significant deviations from the physiological level of concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines.
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