TO THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PRECONDITIONS OF THE EMERGENCE OF THYROID PATHOLOGY (LITERATURE REVIEW)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/1811-2471.2018.v0.i2.8903Keywords:
thyroid gland, peculiarities of the structure, peculiarities of functioning.Abstract
Significant distribution and social significance of thyroid pathology actualize the in-depth elucidation of the basic preconditions for its occurrence.
The aim of the work – to analyze and generalize those features of the structure and functional activity of the thyroid gland, which may be the prerequisites for its pathology. It is found that conditionally such preconditions can be divided into structural and functional. The complicated embryogenesis of the thyroid gland, the considerable variability of its macromorphological types, abundant vascularization and the peculiarities of autonomic innervation of the organ, the presence in its parenchyma, along with thyrocytes of their antagonistic cells, and also the cells producing other biologically active substances and cells that take part in the immune processes, are the main morphological preconditions for the emergence and development of deviations in its activity. However, the regulation of the function of the thyroid is carried out by the branched system of extrathyroid and intrathyroid mechanisms, of which the most important are the connections of the nervous system, in particular, the autonomic, and immune system, the activity of para follicular cells, the concentration of iodine and calcium ions in the blood serum. Such a complex control system, in spite of its multi-variation, may be vulnerable in case of changes in the conditions of existence, deviations or violations in the activities of the organism. The influence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-regulating system on the thyroid gland occurs depending on the amount of iodine entering the body. The consumption of small doses of iodine is accompanied by a change in a number of functional constants, in particular, the intra-thyroid relationship between monoiodothyrozine and diiodothyrosine, diiodothyrosine and thyroxine, triiodothyrosine and thyroxine; in cases of severe deficiency of iodine, the rate of transformation of T4 in T3 in tissues increases and the level of T4 significantly decreases with normal or increased T3 content, which poses a danger of the exhaustion of the adaptive reserves of the organism. Prolonged consumption of an increased amount of iodine and the resulting increase in TSH level violates the coordination of the activity of the thyroid gland and functionally related organs.
References
Aleshin, B.V., & Gubskiy, V.I. (1983). Gipotalamus i shchitovidnaya zheleza [Hypothalamus and thyroid]. Moscow: Meditsina [in Russian].
Bizunok, T.A., & Bizunok, N.A. (2006). Rol neyromediatorov v regulyatsii funktsii shchitovidnoy zhelezy [The role of neurotransmitters in the regulation of thyroid function]. Meditsinskiy zhurnal – Medical Journal, 2, 10-12 [in Russian].
Vetshev, P.S., & Mamayeva, S.K. (2006). Prognosticheskiye faktory khirurgicheskogo lecheniya diffuznogo toksicheskogo zoba [Prognostic factors of surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter]. Khirurgiya. Zhurnal imeni N.I. Pirogova – Journal Surgery named after N.I. Pirogov, 2, 63-68 [in Russian].
Gerasimenko, V.L. (2001). Morfologicheskiye osobennosti shchitovidnoy zhelezy u bolnykh diffuznym toksicheskim [Morphological features of the thyroid gland in patients with diffuse toxic goiter]. Eksperimentalnaya i klinicheskaya meditsina – Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 1, 43-44 [in Russian].
Gerasimenko, V.L. (2001). Optymizatsiia khirurhichnoho likuvannia dyfuznoho toksychnoho zoba na pidstavi morfodiahnostychnykh kryteriiv [Optimization of surgical treatment of diffuse toxic goiter on the basis of morphodiagnostic criteria]. Extended abstract of Candidate’s thesis. Ternopil: TSMU [in Ukrainian].
Kravchenko, V.I., Karakashyan, A.N., Lub’yanova, I.P., & Kalachova, I.V. (2007). Zvit Pro natsionalne doslidzhennia vzhyvannia naselenniam kharchovykh mikronutriientiv. Ukraina. 2003 rik [About the National Study on the Consumption of Food Micronutrients: A Report. Ukraine. 2003]. Glavnyy vrach – Head Physician, 5, 106-109 [in Ukrainian].
Luksha, L.S., Bagel, I.M., & Lobanok, L.M. (2000). Sokratitelnyye i endoteliyzavisimyye dilatatornyye reaktsii aorty pri gipertireoze [Contractile and endothelium-dependent dilatatory reactions of the aorta in hyperthyrosis]. Problemy endokrinologii – Problems of Endocrinology, 6, 38-41 [in Russian].
Mamenko, M.Ye. (2013). Yodnyi defitsyt ta yododefitsytni zakhvoriuvannia (lektsiia) [Iodine deficiency and iodine deficiency disorders – A lecture notes]. Perinatologiya i pediatriya – Peri i Pediatriya, 1(53), 97-105 [in Ukrainian].
Glumova, V.A., Chernykh, G.V., Petrov, N.M., Semenov, V.V., Kuznetsova, V.M., & Glumov, V.Ya. (1985). Morfofunktsionalnaya kharakteristika vosstanovitelnykh protsessov v rezetsirovannoy shchitovidnoy zheleze krys [Morphofunctional characteristics of the recovery processes in the rat resected thyroid]. Byulleten eksperimentalnoy biologii i meditsiny – Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine, 6, 740-744 [in Russian].
Boichuk, T.M., Khodorovska, A.A., Penteleichuk, N.P., & Yermolenko, S.B. (2012). Morfofunktsionalni osoblyvosti ta poliaryzatsiini vlastyvosti tkanyny shchytopodibnoi zalozy intaktnykh shchuriv [Morphofunctional features and polarization properties of the thyroid tissue of intact rats]. Bukovynskyi medychnyi visnyk – BMH Journal, 16, 3(63)/1, 13-15 [in Ukrainian].
Nikitina, O.V. (2000). Stan deiakykh komponentiv interstytsialnoho prostoru shchytovydnoi zalozy liudyny u normi ta pry patolohii [The state of some components of the interstitial space of the human thyroid in normal and in pathology]. Medychni perspektyvy – Medical Perspectives, 5, 2, 10-13 [in Ukrainian].
Oleynik, V.A., & Benikova, Е.A. (1992). Giperplaziya shchitovidnoy zhelezy – norma ili patologiya? [Hyperplasia of the thyroid gland is normal or pathological?]. Problemy endokrinologii – Problems of Endocrinology, 38, 4, 13-14 [in Russian].
Littmann, I. (Ed.). (1982). Operativnaya khirurgiya [Operative surgery]. (M. Alexa, M.N. Anichkov, B. Segal, M. Siza, A. Shosh, Trans from Hungarian). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-3051-1 [in Russian].
Pristupyuk, A., Abu Ayash, I., & Giryavenko, H. (2007). Dyfuznyi netoksychnyi zob: klasyfikatsiia, diahnostyka, profilaktyka ta likuvannia [Diffuse non toxic goiter: classification, diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment]. Klinichna endokrynolohiia ta endokrynna khirurhiia – Clinical Endocrinology and Endocrine Surgery, 3, 3-13 [in Ukrainian].
Grinevich, Yu.A., & Chumak, A.A. (Eds.). (2011). Rak shchitovidnoy zhelezy. Epidemiologicheskiye radiobiologicheskiye i immunoendokrinologicheskiye aspekty s obosnovaniyem immunoterapii: monografiya [Thyroid cancer. Epidemiological, radiobiological and immunoendocrinological aspects with the evidences of immunotherapy: monograph]. Kiev: Zdorovia [in Russian].
Rom-Boguslavskaya, E.S. (1984). Gistamin i shchitovidnaya zheleza [Histamine and thyroid]. Patologicheskaya fiziologiya i eksperimental’naya terapiya – Pathological Physiology and Experimental Therapy, 6, 79-82 [in Russian].
Ryabukha, O.І. (2001). Sposib likuvannia ta zapobihannia endemichnomu zobu: patent № 99116037, Ukraina (Zaiavl. 03.11.1999; Opubl. 16.04.2001). [Method of treatment and prevention of endemic goiter: Patent No 99116037, Ukraine. (Declared 03.11.1999; Published 16.04.2001)]. Promyslova vlasnist. Ofitsiinyi biuleten – Industrial property. Official Bulletin, 3/2, 1.53. [in Ukrainian].
Sevryukova, O.I., & Botasheva, V.S. (2011). B-kletki shchitovidnoy zhelezy [Thyroid gland B-cells]. Vestnik Stavropolskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta – Vestnik of Stavropol State University, 74, 59-62 [in Russian].
Sidneva, L.N., & Adamskaya, E.I. (1975). Izmeneniye kontsentratsii katekholaminov v zavisimosti ot urovnya tireoidnykh gormonov v organizme [Changes in the catecholamine concentration in the hypothalamus depending on the thyroid hormone level in the organism]. Problemy endokrinologii – Problems of Endocrinology, 6, 84-87 [in Russian].
Tepperman, J, & Tepperman, H.M. (1989). Fiziologiya obmena veshchestv i endokrinnoy sistemy [Мetabolic and endocrine physiology]. Moscow: Mir [in Russian].
Khaustov S.O. (2004). Patofiziolohiia teplovoho balansu shchytopodibnoi zalozy pry syndromi hiper-, hipo-, eutyreozu [Pathophysiology of the thermal balance of the thyroid gland in hyper-, hypo-, euthyroid syndrome]. Extended abstract of Candidate’s thesis. Odesa: ONMedU [in Ukrainian].
Shestitko, I.I. (1982). Atsetilkholinesteraza shchitovidnoy zhelezy pri tireotoksikoze i zobnoy bolezni [Thyroid acetylcholinesterase in thyrotoxicosis and goiter]. Problemy endokrinologii – Problems of Endocrinology, 4, 17-20 [in Russian].
Schreiber, V. (1987). Patofiziologiya zhelez vnutrenney sekretsii [Patofysiologie žláz s vnitřní sekrecí]. (Trans from Czech). Praha: Avicenum [in Russian].
Kubarko, A.I., & Yamashita, S. (Eds.). (1998). Shchitovidnaya zheleza. Fundamentalnyye aspekty [Thyroid. Fundamental Aspects]. Minsk; Nagasaki: Omuro-Print [in Russian].
Ahrén, B. (1986). Thyroid neuroendocrinology: neural regulation of thyroid hormone secretion. Endocrine Reviews, 7, 2, 149-155.
Clugston, G., Beaudry, M., & Delange, F. (1996). Clugston G. Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis. The Lancet, 347, 9007, 1051.
Kaplan, E., Angelos, P., Applewhite, M., Mercier, F., & Grogan, R.H. (2015). Chapter 21 SURGERY OF THE THYROID [Internet]. Endotext [Last Update: 2015, Sept. 25]. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285564/
Brabant, G., Bergmann, P., Kirsch, C.M., Köhrle, J., Hesch, R.D., & von zur Mühlen, A. (1992). Early adaptation of thyrotropin and thyroglobulin secretion to experimentally decreased iodine supply in man. Metabolism, 41, 10, 1093-1096.
Manole, D., Schildknecht, B., Gosnell, B., Adams, E., & Derwahl, M. (2001). Estrogen promotes growth of human thyroid tumor cells by different molecular mechanisms. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 86, 3, 1072-1077.
Lee, M.L, Chen, G.G, Vlantis, A.C, Tse, G.M, Leung, B.C, & van Hasselt, C.A. (2005). Induction of thyroid papillary carcinoma cell proliferation by estrogen is associated with an altered expression of Bcl-xL. The Cancer Journal, 11, 2, 113-121.
Bourdoux, P.P., Ermans, A.M., Mukalay wa Mukalay, A., Filetti, S., & Vigneri, R. (1996). Iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis in Kivu, Zaire. The Lancet, 347, 9000, 552-553.
Khatawkar, A.V., & Awati, S.M. (2015). Thyroid gland – historical aspects, embryology, anatomy and physiology. International Archives of Integrated Medicine, 2, 9, 165-171.
Maayan, M.L., Sellitto, R.V., & Volpert, E.M. (1986). Dopamine and L-dopa: inhibition of thyrotropin-stimulated thyroidal thyroxine release. Endocrinology, 118, 2, 632-636.
Melander, A. Aminergic regulation of thyroid activity: importance of the sympathetic innervation and of the mast cells of the thyroid gland. Acta Medica Scandinavica, 201, 4, 257-262.
Mölne, J., Jansson, S., Ericson, L.E., & Nilsson, M. (1994). Adherence of Rfd-1 positive dendritic cells to the basal surface of thyroid follicular cells in Graves’ disease. Autoimmunity, 17, 1, 59-71.
Nakabayashi, K., Kudo, M., Kobilka, B., & Hsueh, A.J. (2000). Activation of the luteinizing hormone receptor following substitution of Ser-277 with selective hydrophobic residues in the ectodomain hinge region. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 39, 30264-30271.
Maenhaut, C., Christophe, D., Vassart, G., Dumont, J., Roger, P.P., & Opitz, R. (2015). Ontogeny, anatomy, metabolism and physiology of the thyroid [Internet]. Endotext [Last Update: 2015, Jul. 15]. Retrieved from: https: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK285554/
Trueba, S.S., Augé, J., Mattei, G., Etchevers, H., Martinovic, J., Czernichow, P., … Attié-Bitach, T. (2005). PAX8, TITF1, and FOXE1 gene expression patterns during human development: new insights into human thyroid development and thyroid dysgenesis-associated malformations. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 90, 1, 455-462.
Moeller, L.C, Alonso, M., Liao, X., Broach, V., Dumitrescu, A., Van Sande, J., … Weiss, R.E. (2007). Pituitary-thyroid setpoint and thyrotropin receptor expression in consomic rats. Endocrinology, 148, 10, 4727-4733.
Santisteban, P. (2005). Development and anatomy of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. In L. E. Braverman, R. D. Utiger (Eds.). Werner and Ingbar's the thyroid a fundamental and clinical text (pp. 8-25). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Sheridan, P.J., McGill, H.C.Jr., Lissitzky, J.C., & Martin, P.M. (1984). The primate thyroid gland contains receptors for androgens. Endocrinology, 115, 6, 2154-2159.
Singhal, R.L., Rastogi, R.B., & Hrdina, P.D. (1975). Brain biogenic amines and altered thyroid function. Life Sciences, 17, 11, 1617-1626.
Stathatos, N. (2016). Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid Gland: Clinical Correlates to Thyroid Cancer. In L. Wartofsky, D. Van Nostrand (Eds.). Thyroid Cancer (pp. 3-8). New York, NY: Springer.
Van Keymeulen, A., Dumont, J.E., & Roger, P.P. (2000). TSH induces insulin receptors that mediate insulin costimulation of growth in normal human thyroid cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 279, 1, 202-207.
Young, J.B., Burgi-Saville, M.E., Burgi, U., & Landsberg L. (2005). Sympathetic nervous system activity in rat thyroid: potential role in goitrogenesis. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 288, 5, E861-E867.
