SOCIAL-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS OF EYE TRAUMA: COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF AGE, GENDER AND PROFESSIONAL DETERMINANTS IN REGIONAL CONDITIONS
Keywords:
eye trauma; socio-demographic factors; occupational risk; logistic regression; epidemio- logical study; Zakarpattia region.Abstract
Purpose. Comprehensive analysis of socio-demographic factors of eye injuries among the adult population of the Zakarpattia region with the identification of age, gender and professional determinants to substantiate differenti- ated preventive approaches. Materials and Methods. A retrospective epidemiological study of 949 cases of traumatic eye injuries in resi- dents of the Zakarpattia region aged ≥ 18 years in 2019–2024 was conducted. Epidemiological, medical-statistical, sociological and analytical methods were applied. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 25.0 and Microsoft Excel 2019 with the calculation of incidence, prevalence, relative risk (RR), 95% confidence intervals (CI) and mul- tivariate logistic regression analysis. Results. Over six years, the primary incidence increased from 18.4 to 22.7 per 100,000 populations (an increase of 23.4%), the prevalence from 45.2 to 58.9 per 100,000. The working-age population aged 25–54 was mainly affected (42.8 per 100,000, 2.4 times higher than the regional average). Men accounted for 78.5% of those affected; the incidence was 36.2 versus 9.4 per 100,000 in women, RR = 3.85 (95% CI 3.52–4.21). A pronounced occupa- tional differentiation of risk was found: the highest rates were among industrial workers (89.4; RR = 3.94), construc- tion workers (71.8; RR = 3.16), agricultural workers (67.3; RR = 2.97) and the unemployed (47.6; RR = 2.10). The educational gradient was characterized by a threefold increase in risk in individuals with a low level of education (RR = 3.61; 95% CI 3.24–4.02). Urban residents had higher incidence and timeliness of treatment. Independent predictors of risk: employment in industry/construction (OR = 4.21), male gender (OR = 3.42), low educational level (OR = 2.83), age 25–54 years (OR = 2.67) and urban residence (OR = 1.87). Conclusions. Eye trauma pathology in the region has a clearly defined socio-demographic profile with a pre- dominance of able-bodied men in industrial, construction and agricultural professions, and people with low educa- tional levels. The identified risk predictors justify the need for intersectoral preventive programs for high-risk groups, increasing medical literacy and improving the availability of ophthalmological care for the rural population.
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