METABOLIC SYNDROME: A LONG WAY OF EVOLUTION – FROM A FULL DENIAL TO A WORLDWIDE ACCEPTANCE PROBLEM
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/1811-2471.2018.v0.i3.8987Keywords:
metabolic syndrome, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, treatment of metabolic syndrome, metforminAbstract
In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Also, the problem of average increasing proportion of the total incidence of humanity with chronic non-infectious diseases is often discussed. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of the major problems in the healthcare industry of the XXI century. This "disease of civilization", in the development of which involves urbanization, modification of the way of life, associated with hypodynamia, inappropriate nutrition, increased caloric content of food products and increased stress, is determined not only by considerable spread, but also by the progressive tendency towards "rejuvenation" of the population with this pathology. But, despite the presence of a great amount of information and results of medical researches in this field, the level of mortality from cardiovascular complications between patients with metabolic syndrome is still high. This reveals about the necessity for further investigations about metabolic modifications and their influence on different components and searching for key answers for the questions that deal with early detection and prevention of metabolic syndrome in these patients. Literary data about history, prevalence, clinical and pathogenetic features of metabolic syndrome components, the practical aspects of detection and treatment, including criteria for diagnosis, risk groups, target levels of its main components and drug correction, the relevance of in-depth study are analyzed and discussed in this article.
Incorrect lifestyle (hypodynamia, inappropriate nutrition, stress), low frequency in the diagnosis of this disease by clinicians and global growth in the prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2 make the actual problem of in-depth study of the comprehensive study of metabolic syndrome, establishment of clinical and pathogenetic features of the clusters of this disease, and development algorithms of treating patients with MS and comorbid states.
References
Ambrosova T. (2013). Efektyvnist zastosuvannia metforminu pry tsukrovomu diabeti 2-ho typu: kardiovaskuliarni, protektyvni ta metabolichni efekty [Effect of metformin in type 2 diabetes: cardiovascular, protective and metabolic effects]. Eksperymentalna i klinichna medytsyna – Experimental and Clinical Medicine, (3), 35-40 [in Ukrainian].
Belialov, F. (2012). Lechenye vnutrennykh bolezney v usloviyakh komorbidnosti [Treatment of internal diseases in terms of comorbidity]. Irkutsk [in Russian].
Klinichni doslizhennia, yaki zminyly kardiolohiiu: tsukrovyi diabet [Clinical trials that have changed cardiology: diabetes mellitus]. (2014). Liky Ukrainy – Medicine of Ukraine, 2 (178), 6-10 [in Ukrainian].
Kostina, V.M., Ziuzin, V.O., & Zinchenko, T.M. (2011). Metabolichnyi syndrom: metody diahnostyky ta reabilitatsii [Metabolic syndrome: methods of diagnostics and rehabilitation]. Naukovi pratsi – Scientific Works, 140 (152), 76-78 [in Ukrainian].
Liubota, R.V., Zotov, O.S., & Vereshchako, R.I. (2015). Rol metforminu v likuvanni zloiakisnykh novoutvoren [The role of metformin in treatment of malignant tumours]. Klinichna endokrynolohiia ta endokrynna khirurhiia – Clinical Endocrinology and Endocrine Surgery, 3, 36-43 [in Ukrainian].
Liashuk, R.P., Liashuk, P.M., & Hluhovska, S.V. (2015). Komorbidnist metabolichnoho syndromu i syndromu apnoe uvi sni [Comorbidity of metabolic syndrome and apnea syndrome in a dream]. Bukovynskyi medychnyi visnyk – Bukovinian Medical Journal, 19 (3;75), 273-275 [in Ukrainian].
Mamedov, M.N. (2005). Rukovodstvo po diagnostike i lecheniyu metabolicheskogo sindroma [Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome]. Multiprynt – Multiprint, 13-24; 59-65 [in Russian].
Mitchenko, O.I., & Karpachov, V.V. (2009). Diagnostyka i likuvannia metabolichnoho syndromu, tsukrovoho diabetu, prediabetu i sertsevo-sudynnykh zakhvoriuvan: metod. Rekomendatsii [Diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, prediabetes and cardiovascular diseases: method. recommendations]. [in Ukrainian].
Radchenko, A.N. (2011). Primenenye metformina u bolnykh sakharnym diabetom: vzglyad kardiologa [The use of metformin in patients with diabetes mellitus: a look of a cardiologist]. Arterialnaya gipertenziya – Arterial Hypertension, 3, 50-63 [in Russian].
Mamalyga, M.L. (2017). Sakharnyy diabet i ego rol v formirovanii serdechno-sosudistykh narusheniy [Diabetes mellitus and its role in forming of cardiovascular disorders]. Monografiya. Prometey [in Russian].
Smirnova, O.M. (2010) Mesto metformina v sovremennom lechenii i profilaktike sakharnogo diabeta 2 tipa [The place of metformin in modern treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus type 2]. Sakharnyy diabet – Diabetes Mellitus, 3, 83-90 [in Russian].
Khasanova, G.R. (2014). Sindrom lipodistrofii u bolnykh vich-infektsiyey [Syndrome of lipodystrophy in patients with HIV-infection]. Epidemiologiya i infektsionnye bolezni. Aktualnye voprosy – Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Issues, 3, 63-69 [in Russian].
Chazova, I.E., & Mychka, V.B. (2004). Metabolicheskiy sindrom [Metabolic syndrome]. Media Medica [in Russian].
Abstracts book of 1th International Congress on Prediabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome. (2005). Berlin. April, 13-16.
Abstracts book of 5th International Congress on Prediabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome. (2013). Vienna. April, 18-20.
Caughey, G.E., & Roughead, E.E. (2011). Multimorbidity research challenges: where to go from here? Journal of Comorbidity, 1, 8-10.
Chen, H.J., Bai, C.H., & Yeh, W.T. (2006). Influence of metabolic syndrome and general obesity on the risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke, 37, 1060-1064.
Fredric, B. Kraemer, Henry, N. Ginsberg, & Gerald M. Reaven (2014). Demonstration of the central role of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care, 37 (5), 1178-1181.
Girvalaki, Ch., Vardavas, C., & Papandreou, Ch. (2014). Trends in metabolic syndrome risk factors among adolescents in rural Crete between 1989 and 2011. Hormones, 13 (2), 259-267.
http://www.icd9data.com/2012/Volume1/240-279/270-279/277/277.7.htm
Inzucchi, S.E., Viscoli, C.M., & Young, L.H. (2016). Pioglitazone prevents diabetes in patients with insulin resistance and cerebrovascular disease. Diabetes Care, 39 (10), 1684-1692.
Kasznicki, J., Sliwinska, A., & Drzewoski, J. (2014). Metformin in cancer prevention and therapy. Annals of Translational Medicine, 2 (6), 57. http://doi.org/10.3978/ j.issn.2305-5839.2014.06.01
Kim, H.J., Lee, S., Chun, K.H., Jeon, J.Y., Han, S.J., Kim, D.J., … Lee, K.W. (2018). Metformin reduces the risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes: An analysis based on the Korean National Diabetes Program Cohort. Medicine, 97 (8).
Lakka, H., Laaksonen, D.E., & Lakka, T.A. (2002). The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA, 288 (21), 2709-2716. doi:10.1001/jama.288.21.2709
Leone, A., Di Gennaro, E., Bruzzese, F., Avallone, A., & Budillon, A. (2014). New perspective for an old antidiabetic drug: Metformin as anticancer agent. Zappia, V., Panico, S., Russo, G., Budillon, A., Della Ragione, F. (Eds.). Advances in Nutrition and Cancer. Cancer Treatment and Research, 159. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Martino, F., Pannarale, G., & Puddu, P. (2015). Is it possible a new definition of metabolic syndrome in childhood? Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 19 (22), 4324-4331.
Reaven, G.M. (2001). Insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, and coronary heart disease: syndrome X revisited. Jefferson, L.S., Cherrington, A.D. (Eds.). Handbook of Physiology, The Endocrine System, Vol II, The Endocrine Pancreas and Regulation of Metabolism. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001.
Reaven, G.M. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes, 37, (12), 1595–1988
Singh, A.K. (2013). Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 22 (2), 198-203.
Stumvoll, M., Nurjhan, N., & Perriello, G. (1995). Metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N. Eng. J. Med., 333-554.
(2006). The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the Metabolic Syndrome. International Diabetes Federation. Belgium.
Tsunoda, F. Fenofibrate, Asztalos, I.B., & Horvath, K.V. (2016). HDL, and Cardiovascular Disease in Type-2 Diabetes: The DAIS Trial. Atherosclerosis. 247, 35-39.
Turner, R.C. (1998). The U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study. A review. Diabetes Care, 21, 35-38.
(1998). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). The Lancet, 352 (9131), 854-865.
1998. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). The Lancet, 352 (9131), 837-853.
Valensi, P. (2004). All in one. Monde Moderne (France).
Vishram, J.K., Borglykke, А., & Andreasen, A. (2014) Impact of age and gender on the prevalence and prognostic importance of the metabolic syndrome and its components in Europeans. The MORGAM Prospective Cohort Project. PLoS ONE, 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107294
