MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY OF THE ORAL MUCOSA AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN DENTAL PROSTHESIS (LITERATURE REVIEW)

Abstract

The article presents the results of an analytical review of the literature on the morphological features of the gingival mucosa, as well as the role of their differences in the process of planning and carrying out measures for orthopedic rehabilitation of dental patients.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the data of available literary sources on the morphological variability of the oral mucosa and its significance in planning orthopedic rehabilitation of patients and preventing complications.
Materials and methods of the study. The study used a bibliosematic approach, information search and systematic analysis of scientific sources using the Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar scientometric databases over the past 15 years.
Results. The analysis of literary sources showed that in the historical aspect, various definitions were used to determine the variants of the morphological features of the oral mucosa that are important in dentistry. De Rouck T. and co-authors described three gingival biotypes: thin-scalloped, thick-scalloped, and thick-flat. The Working Group of the III World Workshop (2017) on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions recommended adopting the term “periodontal phenotype” as a combination of gingival phenotype (three-dimensional gingival volume) and buccal bone plate thickness (bone morphotype), noting that the term “phenotype” indicates a dimension that may change over time depending on environmental factors and clinical intervention, and may be specific to a particular localization. In implantology, the morphological characteristics of soft tissues – their thickness, degree of keratinization, width of keratinized mucosa – are considered key predictors of peri-implant tissue stability, which makes further studies of anatomical norm variants and systematization of methods for preventing complications relevant.
Conclusions. When diagnosing the condition of the dentofacial system and planning orthopedic treatment, dental implantation, restorative surgical interventions, augmentation operations with insufficient supply of bone tissue in the area of the edentulous alveolar process, planning “pink aesthetics”, individual, specific for each patient, variants of the physiological norm should be taken into account, which necessitates the need for further study and analysis of literary sources as a basis for determining the directions of development of promising rehabilitation technologies.