Antibiotic therapy as a product of modern biotechnology: the concept of endogenous synthesis of antimicrobial polypeptides

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.11603/1681-2727.2026.3.16771

Keywords:

antimicrobial resistance, mRNA, gene therapy, lipid nanoparticles, antimicrobial polypeptides, synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, bacteriophages

Abstract

The rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance represents one of the greatest challenges to modern medicine and global healthcare systems. Despite the intensive development of pharmaceutical technologies, most newly developed antibacterial agents remain derivatives or modifications of existing antibiotic classes, to which microorganisms gradually acquire resistance.

This article considers the concept of temporary human genetic modification as a potential strategy for the development of novel antimicrobial technologies. The proposed approach is based on the use of mRNA vectors and lipid nanoparticles for intracellular synthesis of antimicrobial polypeptides directly within the human body. Current advances in mRNA technologies, lipid delivery systems, gene therapy, synthetic biology, and artificial intelligence-assisted design of programmable antibacterial proteins are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the potential advantages, bioethical issues, biosafety risks, and regulatory challenges associated with such technologies. The proposed concept is considered a promising interdisciplinary platform for future antimicrobial therapy.

References

1. United Nations United Nations General Assembly. (2024). Political declaration of the high-level meeting on antimicrobial resistance. United Nations. UN document

2. Acosta, A., Tirkaso, W., Nicolli, F., Van Boeckel, T. P., Cinardi, G., & Song, J. (2025). The future of antibiotic use in livestock. Nature Communications, 16, Article 2469. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56825-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56825-7

3. Романів, В. М., & Стравський, Я. С. (2024). Вплив антибіотиків у продукції тваринництва на організм людини та розвиток антибіотикорезистентності. Перспективи та інновації науки, 11(45), 2024–2031. Journal page DOI: https://doi.org/10.52058/2786-4952-2024-11(45)-2024-2031

4. Jinek, M., Chylinski, K., Fonfara, I., Hauer, M., Doudna, J. A., & Charpentier, E. (2012). A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science, 337(6096), 816–821. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1225829

5. Gao, H., Gao, S., Kan, G., Valentovich, L. N., & An, Y. (2025). Research progress of base editing and prime editing tools based on the CRISPR/Cas system. Molecular Therapy: Nucleic Acids, 36, Article 102771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102771 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102771

6. Levin, B. R., & Bull, J. J. (2004). Population and evolutionary dynamics of phage therapy. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2(2), 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro822 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro822

7. Lin, D. M., Koskella, B., & Lin, H. C. (2017). Phage therapy: An alternative to antibiotics in the age of multi-drug resistance. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8(3), 162–173. https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i3.162 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i3.162

8. Rohde, C., Resch, G., Pirnay, J. P., Blasdel, B. G., Debarbieux, L., Gelman, D., Górski, A., Hazan, R., Huys, I., Kakabadze, E., Łobocka, M., Maestri, A., Magno de Freitas Almeida, A., Makalatia, K., Malik, D. J., Mašlaňová, I., Merabishvili, M., Pantucek, R., Rose, T., Štveráková, D., Van Raemdonck, H., Verbeken, G., & Chanishvili, N. (2018). Expert opinion on three phage therapy related topics: Bacterial phage resistance, phage training and prophages in bacterial production strains. Viruses, 10(4), 178. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10040178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v10040178

9. Torres-Barceló, C. (2018). Phage therapy faces evolutionary challenges. Viruses, 10(6), 323. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10060323 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v10060323

10. Onsea, J., Wagemans, J., Pirnay, J. P., Di Luca, M., Gonzalez-Moreno, M., Lavigne, R., Trampuz, A., Moriarty, T. F., & Metsemakers, W.-J. (2020). Bacteriophage therapy as a treatment strategy for orthopaedic-device-related infections: Where do we stand? European Cells and Materials, 39, 193–210. https://doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v039a13 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22203/eCM.v039a13

11. Возіанова, Ж. І. (2001–2003). Інфекційні і паразитарні хвороби (Тт. 1–3). Київ: «Здоров’я».

12. Regalado, A. (2019). China’s CRISPR babies: Read exclusive excerpts from the unseen original research. MIT Technology Review. MIT Technology Review article

13. Горяев, А. А., Савкина, М. В., Обухов, Ю. И., Меркулов, В. А., & Олефир, Ю. В. (2019). ДНК- и РНК-вакцины: современное состояние, требования к качеству и особенности проведения доклинических исследований. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение, 19(2), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2019-19-2-72-80 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2019-19-2-72-80

14. CureVac & GlaxoSmithKline. (2024). RNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants (U.S. Patent No. 11,872,280 B2). U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

15. Бажутин, Н. Б., Золин, В. В., Колокольцов, А. А., & Таргонс­кий, С. Н. (2007). Перспективы применения липосомальных препаратов в медицинской практике. Новости медицины и фармации, 2(206). Article archive

16. Biswal, M. R., Roy, S., & Singh, J. K. (2024). Comparative analysis of lipid nanoparticles in Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.04.616619 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.10.04.616619

17. Wilson, B., & Geetha, K. M. (2022). Lipid nanoparticles in the development of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 74, 103553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103553 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103553

18. Zhang, L., More, K. R., Ojha, A., Jackson, C. B., Quinlan, B. D., Li, H., He, W., Farzan, M., Pardi, N., & Choe, H. (2023). Effect of mRNA-LNP components of two globally marketed COVID-19 vaccines on efficacy and stability. npj Vaccines, 8, 156. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-023-00751-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-023-00751-6

19. Albertsen, C. H., Kulkarni, J. A., Witzigmann, D., Lind, M., Petersson, K., & Simonsen, J. B. (2022). The role of lipid components in lipid nanoparticles for vaccines and gene therapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 188, 114416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114416 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2022.114416

20. Park, J. W., Lagniton, P. N. P., Liu, Y., & Xu, R. H. (2021). mRNA vaccines for COVID-19: What, why and how. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 17(6), 1446–1460. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.59233 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.59233

21. Kis, Z., Kontoravdi, C., Dey, A. K., Shattock, R., & Shah, N. (2020). Rapid development and deployment of high-volume vaccines for pandemic response. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing and Processing, 2(3), e10060. https://doi.org/10.1002/amp2.10060 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/amp2.10060

22. Le, T., Sun, C., Chang, J., Zhang, G., & Yin, X. (2022). mRNA vaccine development for emerging animal and zoonotic diseases. Viruses, 14(2), 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020401 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020401

23. Tenchov, R., Bird, R., Curtze, A. E., & Zhou, Q. (2021). Lipid nanoparticles—From liposomes to mRNA vaccine delivery, a landscape of research diversity and advancement. ACS Nano, 15(11), 16982–17015. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c04996 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.1c04996

24. Merril, C. R., Geier, M. R., & Petricciani, J. C. (1971). Bacterial virus gene expression in human cells. Nature, 233, 398–400. https://doi.org/10.1038/233398a0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/233398a0

25. Верховна Рада України. (1993). Закон України «Про охорону прав на винаходи і корисні моделі» № 3687-XII. Законодавство України

26. Український національний офіс інтелектуальної власності та інновацій. (2025). Методичні рекомендації щодо проведення експертизи заявок на винаходи і корисні моделі. Official document

27. Воннеґут, К. (2022). Колиска для кішки. BookChef.

28. Champer, J., Buchman, A., & Akbari, O. S. (2016). Cheating evolution: Engineering gene drives to manipulate the fate of wild populations. Nature Reviews Genetics, 17(3), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2015.34 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2015.34

29. Gisselsson, D. (2022). Next-generation biowarfare: Small in scale, sensational in nature? Health Security, 20(2), 182–186. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2021.0147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2021.0165

30. Dominik, J. (2023). Future bioterror and biowarfare threats for NATO’s armed forces until 2030. Journal of Advanced Military Studies, 14(1), 118–143. https://doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20231401007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21140/mcuj.20231401005

Published

2026-09-30

Issue

Section

Discussion and releable

How to Cite

Antibiotic therapy as a product of modern biotechnology: the concept of endogenous synthesis of antimicrobial polypeptides. (2026). Infectious Diseases – Infektsiyni Khvoroby, 3, 51-63. https://doi.org/10.11603/1681-2727.2026.3.16771