USAGE OF ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL METHODS FOR DEFINITION AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ZOPICLONE, ZOLPIDEM, ZALEPLON IN VARIOUS OBJECTS
(ОГЛЯД ЛІТЕРАТУРИ)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11603/mcch.2410-681X.2024.i2.14779Keywords:
physical and chemical methods of analysis, expertise, zopiclone, zolpidem, zaleplon, liquid chromatography, extractionAbstract
Introduction. Insomnia, or sleeplessness, is a common sleep disorder that affects a significant number of people around the world today. This condition is characterized by difficulty falling asleep, frequent awakenings during the night, or very early awakenings after which the person is unable to fall back asleep. Insomnia can significantly affect the quality of life, physical and mental health. Zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon are used in medical practice for the treatment of insomnia widely and effectively both abroad and in Ukraine. In addition, drugs of this group can be used for schizophrenia and dementia treatment. According to the pharmacopoeial monographs of different countries, IR- and UV-spectrophotometry methods are used for the identification of zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon. Sometimes, liquid chromatography is used as well. The method of non-aqueous acid-base titration with potentiometric fixation of the equivalence point is used for assay of zopiclone, zolpidem, while for zaleplon is carried out the method of liquid chromatography. A review of scientific sources showed that liquid chromatography (such as HPLC, UHPLC, LC-MS, LC-MS/MS) are often used for these substances analysis in medicinal products. There are several publications about quantitative determination of zopiclone by the extraction-photometric method, in which methyl orange is used as a reagent and chloroform as an extragent. Hair, blood and urine are biological objects in toxicological analysis for investigation of (±)-zopiclone, zaleplon and zolpidem and their metabolites. The solid-phase extraction method is used as purification method from impurities, and the LC-MS/MS method is often used for identification and quantification.
The aim of the study – to summarize information about the existing methods of detection and quantification of zopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon in various objects.
Conclusions. The analysis of literary sources showed that the development and validation of new, improved analytical and bioanalytical methods, the development of isolation methods from various objects are currently relevant for chemical-toxicological analysis and pharmaceutical control.
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